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Namespaces Article Talk. In some cases it is an inter- pretation centre; in others an instrument for development; elsewhere a park or makeshift museum; yet elsewhere a centre for ethnographic conservation or Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines the industrial heritage.

Internment was also put to use during the Algerian War —generally under the name of " camps de Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines " "regrouping camps". In France, Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines camps used under Vichy were opened again, in Paris in particular, to hold suspected FLN and other Algerian independentists.

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Main Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines Devil's Island. Further information: Vichy France. Further information: Ilag. Further information: Liberation of France. Paris: Terra. ISBN ISBN ; p. Archived from the original on 18 February Retrieved 13 April OCLC In Dalinger, Brigitte; Zangl, Veronika eds. Theater - Film - Medien Print 2. Retrieved 27 May Al-Oufok in French. Archived from the original on 14 July Archived from the original on 21 May Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines 21 February Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines corpus in French.

Archived from the original on 22 July Archived from the original on 27 October New York: Public Affairs. The Holocaust in France. Jewish history. World War II. Africa Asia Europe. Torture during the Algerian War. Rather, it should be seen as a mission to reveal, in their entirety, all the practices, skills, struggles, subjective outlooks and socio-cultural reference points that characterize a population.

Understood in this way, the territoriality of the eco- museum enables it to confront external challenges of the kind that will prevent it from withdrawing into itself. There is no contradiction involved in this requirement, but rather a salutary provocation, inasmuch as the research ac- tivities engaged in must be given the methodological focus and the qualified personnel necessary for them to be acknowledged as scientific research.

As arule, however, the ecomuseum ex- tends beyond pure knowledge. Its ac- tivities lead into a set of Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines social practices in the Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines, which may range from providing associations, trade unions or official bodies with information, ad- vice or studies, to participation in social struggles.

Taking Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines measure of the phenomenon of the urban environment and to create an urban life-style and praxis that was grafted onto a given architectural legacy. Moreover, it should be pointed out that an ecomuseum does possess collec- tions, since objects are signs to which Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines collective memory clings.

Some of them may be Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines as a result of continuing use, or owing Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines the wear Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines tear resulting from their being displayed in operation motors, etc. Other objects, once they have been in- ventoried and studied, may be returned to their owners and reinstated in their en- vironment.

Finally, the ecomuseum prefers to add to its holdings through donations and permanent deposits rather than to conduct an acquisitions policy that is liable to unleash the acquisitive in- stincts of collectors, as was observed when the glassware collection was being established in the Le Creusot Eco- museum. On the other hand, even if the ecomuseum thereby makes itself proof against penetration by the antique markets, the junk stores Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines and take their place.

There is in fact nothing to stop an ecomuseum from having collections managed along traditional lines. We must simply beware of applying to the whole the methods and rules that are suited to the part.

The fact is that, in so far as the physical heritage of an Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines is made up of everyday, banal, mass- produced objects, sometimes even in use or moreover reinstated in their own en- vironment, it is obvious that they cannot be conserved in the same way as art museum collections. It is both the product and the starting-point of a research process experienced as an ex- ercise in mutual training, involving those in charge of the Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines, its users and research workers, and in which academic scholarship, popular wisdom and tech- nical know-how come face to face.

The forms of expression available to the ecomuseum are various: a centre for research and mutual training, it brings together symposia and seminars attended by participants from other Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines, publishes monographs, theses or works by local scholars, sets up temporary shows and permanent but continuously evolv- ing exhibitions, carries its message to the inhabitants Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines outlying neigbourhoods and hamlets, conducts field trips, organizes audio-visual events, and so on.

It is an institution which insists on re- maining tentative and provisional, which we must be careful not to encapsulate Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines any formula borrowed from other categories. Thus it is perfectly Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines to imagine a textile museum, but not a tex- tile ecomuseum, simply because textiles alone do not sum up the total reality- industrial, agricultural, urban and rural alike-of what is to be represented.

São Cristóvão: a district ecomuseum

On the other hand, according to the specific economic and human geography in- volved, an ecomuseum may have a focal point, for example mines and mining. However, this feature is perceived only in so far as it has served and still serves to Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines the social and cultural personality and indeed the subjective essence of the population.

In any case it is vital to refrain Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines issuing an ecomuseum label. If this were to hap- pen, the anthropology of contemporary society would give way to the history of technology, and culture would yield to pedagogy.

CRCT, Professor of cultural heritage at the University of Quebec, Mon- treal. President of the Ecomuseums of Haute-Beauce, regional museum. Award Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines Merit of the Canadian Museums Association in The new museology is not just an in- itiative to promote constant innovation. It mobilizes the supporters of a radical transformation of the aims of museology, and advocates profound changes in the thinking and attitudes of the museol- ogist. Why are all these people so dis- satisfied?

What could have rallied so many so quickly and with such a sense of urgency to a concept still poorly defined and a series Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines not always Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines initiatives?

But in our view the main cause is the monolithic nature of the museological establishment, the superficiality Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines the reforms which it pro- poses and the marginalization of any ex- periment or viewpoint which might be described as at Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines committed. Why, for example, did the resolutions adopted by the Santiago Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines table in receive so little publicity and follow-up? The latter.

They might even be accused of ir- reverence or of succumbing to a passing fad. The movement also has its tradition, which can be traced back through neighbourhood museums, school mu- seums, ecomuseums and more recent work in scenography. Taking up once more the ideas of the Santiago round table which Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines been quietly shelved, the Declaration merely reaffirms the social mission of the museum as a new point of departure and the primacy of this function over the traditional museum functions: conserva- tion, buildings, objects and the public.

From Santiago to Lisbon towe have been witnessing a transition from museology to social and political awareness. I, October In order to achieve this objective and Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines the Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines time involve the public in its Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines, museology must have increasing recourse to interdisciplinaritymodern methods of communica- tion used in all cultural action, and modern management methods which involve the consumer.

While preserving the material achievements of past civiliza- tions and protecting the achievements characteristic of the Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines and technology of today, the new museology- ecomuseology, community museology and all other forms of ac- tive museology - is Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines concerned with community development, reflecting the driving forces in social progress and associating them in its plans for the future. This new movement puts itself firmly at the service of the creative imagination, constructive realism and the humanitar- ian principles upheld by the international community.

In this context, the concerns of the movement, which is anxious to adopt a Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines approach, are scientific, cultural, Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines and economic.

The movement utilizes all the resources at the disposal of museology collection, conservation, scientific research, restitu- tion and dissemination, creativity and adapts them to each en- vironment and project. Administrator-supervisor of historic sites in Quebec and Ontario, Regional ad- ministrator for Quebec, Head of inter- Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines, museology and public service for Parks Canada in Quebec, In Ontario and New Brunswick, the two Canadian provinces bordering Quebec, conventional museums were be- ing developed at that time, together with open-air museums and model reconstruc- tions of historical scenes and old forts.

But museums in Quebec were dragging their feet, searching for an identity. At that point, a number Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines factors came into play that were gradually to transform our museology, moving it towards the new idea of the ecomuseum.

Thanks to the shared language, documentation and communications quickly crossed the Atlantic to Quebec. Nevertheless, it sent a number of staff to study French parks and their Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines rangements for conservation and public participation.

Visits and training periods were gradually organized and more formal ex- changes took place. The ecomuseum formula was considered very promising and Quebec took a lively interest in Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines. This enabled the neglect- ed region to recover a measure of pride through a clearer idea of its own identity in the form of the kind of museum sup- ported by its own people and with its own financial resources. Claude Watters, who had been living in the United States, sug- gested the idea of a neighbourhood museum similar to those in the deprivedEcomgxerims irz Quebec areas of American towns.

In this way, the Maison du Fier-Monde was established and quickly took up the people's demands for improvement of Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines environment Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines quality of life of this Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines area.

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The area had also been split in two by a motorway and over four hundred houses had been demolished in the process. Thus the Maison du Fier-Monde soon became, to use its own description, 'a campaigning ecomuseum'. Other experimental ecomuseums took shape in in LaRouge Valley, part of the 'high country' of the Laurentides, and in the Iles du Lac Saint-Pierre, an archipelago on the Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines Lawrence River which forms a frail natural and cultural environment. This ecomuseum is known as the Insulaire.

Hugues de Varine visited Haute- Beauce and the other new ecomuseums in and advocated Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines that was more direct and more involved in the socio- economic development of the areas they covered.

The courses in museology and heritage offered by the University of Quebec and by Laval University discussed the ecomuseums unambiguously and several students took an active part in their activities and their development. Thus the ecomuseum took its place in the museum Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines and museum system of Quebec. Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines change confirms the success of a three-year plan drawn up in and im- plemented by means of the 'triangle of creativity' and courses in popular museology.

Thanks to these courses and to Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines methods of interpretation and community Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines employed, the public is progressing confidently towards the appropriation of its neighbourhood and is developing museographical re- sources with which to attain the objec- tives of the ecomuseum.

The triangle of creativity Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines on page is a genuine innovation and Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines substantial contribution by the ecomu- seums of Quebec to popular museology. Its cyclical practice in time and regional space brings specific, attainable objec- tives within the reach of the population as a whole. The Maison du Fier-Monde Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines the Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines, with a collective mural, communi- ty activities in the district, and exhibi- tions connected with the search for identity.

These last two, like the ecomuseums of Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines Rouge Valley and the islands in the Saint Lawrence, have consolidated their positions and, in spite of a certain amount of hesitation and opposition, prepared very promising activities. In Mayit organized a one-day conference which was attended by Hugues de Varine and non-specialist representatives of all the Quebec ecomuseums.

The con- ference decided to hold Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines First Interna- tional Workshop on 'Ecomuseums and the New Museology', an itinerant sym- posium which took place in Quebec in October and led to an international grouping of the principal exponents of popular museology. None of them is a product of the parks system, as is most often the case in France.

It is therefore worth com- paring the different reasons which led to the founding of the Quebec ecomu- seums: Haute-Beazlce - preventing the removal of items of local heritage col- lected by a self-taught ethnographer; 1.

The acronym JAL is the name of a tourism 2 17 -Ed. Maison dzc Fier-Monde - a need for ap- propriate cultural facilities and means of defence for housing co-operatives in a working-class district; InszcZaire- the in- itiative of a heritage student confronted with a frail natural and cultural environ- ment that was further threatened by in- considerate tourism; La Rozcge VaZZey - a heritage society concerned with inter- pretation and community action; Saint- Constant-a project by an ecological education centre, which is growing into an Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines Dax-Rives- a cultural centre set up in which was devel- oped into an ecomuseum following a seminar on popular museology in The ecomuseums of Quebec can take pride in certain special features that mark them off from European ecomuseums, thus demonstrating their distinctive character and initiative and hence their contribution to the advancement of what we Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines the Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines museology.

These features Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines be summarized as follows: Public participation is Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines only con- sidered essential, but it is sought, en: couraged and very often obtained at unexpected levels. This participation does not just consist of voluntary work; it is also financial, since ecomuseums are funded chiefly, or almost exclusively, by subscription and individual contribution.

This fact Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines not in any way denote fear or dis- dain of the strict, scientific approach.

The Incident at the Menagerie, Montceau-Les-Mines, France, 1891

The courses in popular museology that have been on offer for a number of years, especially in Haute-Beauce, are not only an innovation in the practice of ecomuseums but are also a very effective means of dispelling mis- understandings about. The collective memory of the public is the primary heritage of the ecomuseum, and it Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines studied not only by a few isolated researchers and scientists but by the people themselves, guided by the most active already among them or who come to the fore.

An increasing concern by the people living in the areas of the ecomuseums. A high level of exchange among. A number of useful part- nerships have been established, for ex- ample between two ecomuseums in Quebec and between the ecomuseum Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines Haute-Beauce and the one in Coglais in Brittany, as well as between an ecomuseum and two other museums in a particular region, form- ing a network that can offer local peo- ple and visitors a greater range of ser- vices and more effective means for concerted museum activity.

Studied zoology, botany, geography at the University of Stockholm, Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines. University lecturer, Director of the public department of the Swedish Museum of Natural History since During the s he was employed as secretary of the Swedish Society for the Protection of Nature and as editor of its periodical.

Member of the Executive Council of Over the last few decades the develop- ment of museology in Sweden has been dynamic. A new look has been taken at the functioning of the old, well-estab- lished museums. Their documentation systems have been analysed and made more rational; there has been intense discussion and up-dating of display techniques.

In Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines, the role of museums in society has been widely debated. As a result, public interest in museums has grown and Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines the Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines. This in turn has led the creation of many new specialized museums covering subjects such as the forest, toys, motor Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines, avia- tion and the coastal islands. The ecomuseum concept has also come to the fore in the planning of new museums in Sweden, despite the fact that there Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines still great uncertainty about what an ecomuseum actually is.

This is a question much discussed at many congresses and conferences in recent years and as a result we have just about managed to agree on a few straightforward definitions.

What is an ecomuseum? There have been many subsequent attempts to ex- plain the concept further. I myself should like to sum Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines these discussions and the practical experience gained from the first museums of this kind that have been established. The word itself, derived from Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines Greek oikos household or living place Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines, was coined by the German biologist Haeckel in for that branch of biology which deals with the interrela- tions between organisms and their en- vironment.

From the earliest discussions on the characteristic features of eco- museums one of the fundamental prin- ciples laid down was that they had to be based on an ecological point of view.

Thus they must truly reflect the develop- ment of cultural and economic life in relation to the conditions and limitations set by the natural surroundings of the region concerned. This ecological approach requires an 1. The author wrote the editorial for that issue-Ed. Thus the eco- museum cannot fit Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines with the traditional classification according to subject, since its distinctive feature is precisely the in- tegration of several different subjects.

Another important principle is the museum's regionalcharacter. A region in this sense is not primarily an area defined Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines administrative or legal boundaries, unless they happen to coincide with the boundaries of a zone that forms a whole, because of the unity Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines its traditions, natural setting and economic life- for Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines a mining region, a river valley, farming country or an industrial zone.

Nor can the idea of an ecomuseum be confined to the building that houses it and is located in a particular spot: it must Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines extended to cover a Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines of facilities all contributing to the same end and laid out according to the centres of interest of that particular museum.

Lastly, and this is a vital principle, the design of an ecomuseum cannot simply be left to some central institution and merely take the form of buildings set aside for academic gatherings, exhibi- tions and educational activities.

It must be brought into being in codlaboration with the popdat ion and reflect their desire to explore, document and explain their own history. An ecomuseum must be intimately associated with the regional population and planned so as to give them a Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines in its development. Successful attainment of this aim will depend primarily not on the form and organiza- tion adopted but rather on the lines of emphasis selected, which should en- courage the local population to take an interest in their own region and culture and in so doing give them a greater say in their own future.

Such an approach should also strengthen the desire to make the region known to others. Does Sweden possess museums meeting these criteria? The short answer is no-there is no museum which meets them in full, though a whole range of museums and related activities go some way towards satisfying the principles we have men- tioned. In many cases, this is backed up by activities connected with craftwork, farming or the use of various bygone techniques, all these activities being designed to give Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines general picture of some particular period and its living 2.

See article entitled 'Skansen-a Stock- taking. A travelling exhibition on Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines 'provincial museum for local history and culture'. Summer cottage with cattle- and milking- shed in the old village of this Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines museum devoted particularly to Lapp culture.

Fourteen such regional or local museums were described in Mueum, Vol. X, No. At the end of the nineteenth century many open-air museums of this type were established Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines Sweden, most of them on the initiative of local asso- ciations.

Generally speaking, the theme of the exhibition the houses and associated material objects is reinforced by displays Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines woodwork, the weaving of textiles, farming methods, traditional craftwork, music, dancing, folk-tales and so forth. In many respects these local parks and open-air museums come close to the ecomuseum.

As a rule, however, there is no apparent link with the theme of ecology or any concern to integrate various disciplines, and, in many cases, no relation to current social devel- opments; moreover, they are usually ex- tremely local in character. Several large provincial museums have similar features, and ongoing Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines to revitalize some of these institutions are often directed at types of activity resembling those Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines an ecomuseum.

Some innovative projects recently made Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines also follow this new trend, which is a sign of adaptation to the present-day car-based form of tourism and the long journeys it makes possible. The principle consists in using a single set of facilities to present the economic history of an entire region, above all by evoking its industries, architecture and 3.

Although this type of organization has Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines called an eco- museum, there is no link with ecology and no integration of disciplines, nor Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines the population have a decisive part to play in developing the project. In Sweden there exists an extensive network of study groups, with which local associations are very often involved.

Thus, through circles for the study of local history, a great many excellent projects have helped those con- cerned to build up a detailed knowledge of Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines local and national past. Studies of this type strengthen the interest shown in the development of society but lead in only a limited way to the accumulation of material relating to local traditions and knowledge, objects and documents gathered and preserved by the communi- ty itself.

Thus Sweden does have a number of museums and related activities based on principles closely linked to the eco- museum concept. Perhaps this is why the ecomuseum itself has not yet really taken root in the country. The attempt dates back to the early s, with the launching of a project to create a national parks museum to serve as an introduction for visitors to the big national parks located in the mountains of Lapland.

This museum was to be Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines at Jokkmokk, a commune harbouring some of the largest national parks. Although this project Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines not carried through at the time, it caught the public eye again towards the end of the s. With the authorities deciding to call a halt to the development of its hydroelec- tric resources, the region was threatened with widespread unemployment, and it was against this changed background that I was asked to examine once again the possibility of implementing the museum project in question.

The study to be undertaken was based on several fundamental assumptions. To achieve this there would be close co-operation with the various authorities and organizations in- volved in one way or another with tourism and public information. The museum had to serve also as a Swedish museum of the mountains by organiz- Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines documentation and information activities on the natural environment, 22 A typical reindeer herding scene in Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines s.

The ecomuseum concebt is tahine root in Sweden ecology, population and the economic and cultural life of those regions. Could the parks museum serve this purpose for Sweden?

One im- portant factor to be taken into account was that the already existing communal museum possessed a collection composed Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines of Lappish objects. The museum could probably even act as a local centre for cahralactivities, open to the popula- tion of the surrounding mountain region. Since a policy based on such premises pointed Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines naturally to the idea of an ecomuseum and the methods this im- plied, I obviously took it as a model for my final version of the project.

This meant that a good many conditions had to be respected. The region served by the museum could not be based on ad- ministrative boundaries except where they coincided with those of the moun- tain zone itself. Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines the population has long lived in almost total dependence on nature, it is impossible to comprehend the culture that has emerged in the region without taking the natural surroundings in which it developed into consideration.

In many regions the Lappish population continue to live from the same principal occupa- tion- the raising of reindeer - as they have done for centuries, though this ac- tivity is now being Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines modernized.

Raising reindeer depends entirely on a balanced use of the natural environment, but it is at present under heavy pressure from hydroelectric power stations, min- ing, the development of tourist facilities, the acquisition of country houses, the ex- pansion of the road network and other side effects of a technological society. As a result, the traditional Lappish economy Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines culture are in the midst of a profound transformation, and there is little time to collect materials on this process.

There is an evident determination within the Lap- pish population, to set up itself a central museum dedicated to its own culture and capable in addition of playing an impor- tant role as a centre for cultural documen- tation and activities.

After several centuries of an economy 23 The changing ecology of the region, the real challenge for the new museum. Here a helicopter replaces dogs to herd reindeer up the mountain. A long period devoted to the development of hy- droelectric resources is now coming to an end, and the local population is faced with extensive unemployment. In this work, the museum can play the key role of an activities and documentation centre, making its skills available to the public.

A museum that decides on this ap- proach extends its traditional role of building up collections, conservation, documentation and education. It will also be capable of assuming the decisive task of Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines the population of a region not only to perceive Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines chain of cause and effect in the changes taking place and then analyse its consequences, but also to set about solving for themselves the prob- lems at issue.

This broader scope and Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines methods now being developed make this museum into something different and justify the name of ecomuseum. A study carried out in resulted in a practical museum Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines that could Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines expected to meet all the objectives mentioned above. After much reflection and discussions with the various parties concerned, the government decided in February to set up an institution to build and run the planned museum.

It should also be involved in research on a permanent basis, with a special emphasis on developing the Lappish section so that it can serve as the central museum of the Lappish culture Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines Sweden in the way mentioned above. Its per- manent exhibitions should combine the natural and historico-cultural aspects in a thematic display devoted to the moun- tain environment and its climate, the ways in which the people have used nature and how the various forms of culture developed in each period.

The fragile ecosystem has been radically transformed Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines the last few decades by, for example, hydroelectric schemes, forestry and min- ing activities, the expansion of the road network and the introduction of new tree species and new species of fish. If the visitor wishes to deparc from the central theme he can explore certain areas set aside for. In addition, there are plans for a reading room, a study room, and areas for temporary exhibi- tions and various other intellectual ac- tivities.

The exhibitions organized by the museum should not be confined to the building itself. For example, smaller displays, habitat restoration work, or various other local activities could, in col- laboration with a variety of local groups and. Since the summer of a small group of people have been working on the plans for the Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines, which are now ready.

Building work is due to begin in the summer of The museum should be installed by the spring ofand it is hoped that some of the displays and training activities can then begin. Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines will, however, be several more years before the programme is carried out Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines full.

If we succeed in carrying through the project as we intend, the museum should then function as an ecomuseum, called upon to play a major role in cultural as well as the social development of the locality and its vast hinterland. The members of the governing body are designated by the various organizations involved. The members of the Lappish Council are all elected by the Lappish organizations.

The museum will seek to achieve a broader impact among the population it serves than is reflected in its governing body, the aim being Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines involve a wide range of organizations and institutions, including religious circles, local Lappish associations, nature conservation societies, academic institutions, the nearest regional museums, representatives of the schools Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines the education authorities.

The local museums that have come into being in the past ten years have benefited from the effects of democracy in general and the democratic Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines of Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines communities in particular, and have become useful tools for those who found- ed and who continue to run them.

Besides building up collec- tions, they seek to make use of the tangi- ble and intangible cultural heritage that can help to understand, explain and experience the social, economic and historical circumstances Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines moulded the various Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines.

The theoretical and practical principles of the ecomuseum movement have been particularly well received by the popula- tion and by many community leaders.

In a period of crisis they afford means of reflection and study that may help them to solve their problems and, at the same time, to discover local resources in the spheres of the economy, energy, tech- nology, Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines, culture and leisure.

Most of the local museums which apply these principles have continued, how- ever, to be designated as municipal museums and identified by the name of the locality usually the largest town in the area. With the advent of this active museology practised by them, the Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines cept of the museum has become broader, extending beyond the confines of the former palace, convent or other building used as a museum, to Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines the en- tire territory where human activity has left its mark on the natural landscape.

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Their organization follows the well-established pattern. A central unit houses Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines permanent exhi- bition and auxiliary departments respon- sible for collection, restoration, studies, documentation, reserves, Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines ex- hibitions and educational activities. Has published Hihona do Concelho do Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines Vol. Didactic display on fishing in the central unit Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines the museum. These units afford a means not only of decentralizing activi- ties and facilities but also Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines involving the population in preserving and re-using in sitg the significant buildings and objects that make up the local heritage.

A further innovative feature of these local mu- seums is the variety of their collections, which reflect the many different aspects of life in the area Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines geographi- cal, social, cultural, historical, artistic, technological, and so on. The local in- habitants are, of course, closely involved.

They bring in objects, provide informa- tion about some of the specimens used, participate in the rescue and restoration of objects and help with studies and pro- motional activities. The idea of establishing a Portuguese ecomuseum first arose inin con- nection with the Natural Park of Serra de Estrela.

The team made contact with the local people, collected ethnographic materials, acquired Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines characteristic of the local architecture and started to carry out scientific research on an interdisciplinary basis.

There the project came to a halt. In all these places, excep- tional talent, enthusiasm and origi- nality, combined with the acceptance of very long working hours, have pro- duced results that might seem impossi- ble to persons working in museums of a more conventional type and in richer countries.

In November this museum attained a new stage in its development with the reopening of a traditionally constructed shipyard; made over to it by the General Port Authority of Lisbon.

Another category was created by the Vichy regime: the "transit camps" "camps de transit " , referring to the fact the detainees were to be deported to Germany.

This unit is in- stalled in a former shipyard in Arrentela. It shows the spatial layout of a shipyard with all its infrastructures, Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines houses an exhibition that depicts nautical life on the Tagus estuary shipbuilding, river traffic, fishingincluding typical boats salvaged by the local authorities: the fiegata, varino and f i h a. The f iha, en- tirely restored, is used for guided visits1.

The developnent of ecomu. The salt marshes. The fitting out of this unit would not have been possible without the help of former workers Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines the ship-building yards - shipwrights and caulkers -who offered their tools and provided information about the woodworking techniques Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines tionally used in those shipyards.

This historical unit in Arrentela, where ship- building activities can be traced back to at least the time of the Portuguese expan- sion, also offers the facilities needed for the establishment of a shipbuilding school, where the instructor will be the shipwright who made the models of typical Tagus riverboats at the naval history unit and who describes to visitors the traditional techniques used in building wooden ships.

A water-mill unit is now being prepared. It is hoped that the research and restoration work will be completed shortly and that it will then be able to operate in the service of the community as a study Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines research centre. Plans are in hand for other Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines, in the form of the lime-kiln, the winepress, the oil-press, old harbours, archaeological sites Roman and industrialold parts of the city and the cultural heritage centre, which already form part of Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines ecomuseum itinerary.

A water unit has been established in a pumping station, featuring ancient and modern equip- ment that illustrates the development of the water-supply system from early times to the present day. The educational department of the ecomuseum has improved the quality of its service to educational establishments by organizing temporary and travelling exhibitions and Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines activities in col- laboration with schools, or study tours of the various units.

The ecomuseum, meanwhile, is able to pro- vide students, researchers and teachers with written and iconographic Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines tation together with objects illustrating various economic activities pursued in the area. Local authorities, educational institutions, associations and other private or public bodies regularly request Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines assistance.

The Ethnological Musezcm of Monte Redondo Founded inthis Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines has a notably innovative approach. Appropriate contacts with the local population in the taberna. A par- ticularly noteworthy innovation is the dialogue that has been set up Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines specialists, local councillors, and the public, who participate together as a mat- ter of course in the various activities, ranging from the collection and study of objects to the acquisition of premises and fund-raising for the museum, and Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines cluding promotional work and adver- tising.

The interdisciplinary nature of the research is guaranteed by the composi- tion of the team of specialists, which has anthropologists, geographers, an histo- rian and an ethnomusicologist as its members.

These specialists organize the collections inventory and card index and the general document holdings, and encourage the study of the anthropology, history, entomology, botany, ethno- musicology and popular architecture of the region.

Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines museum has established permanent contacts with the university, not only through the work of these specialists but also through its logistic support accommodation, transport, meals, photographic equipment, etc.

The various collections illustrate the main economic activities in Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines region. They include the articles used by resin tappers, pit-sawyers, potters, tanners, cobblers, blacksmiths, pruners, wheel- wrights, dyers, weavers and mat makers, as well as Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines implements, fur- niture and folk costumes.

Consideration is being given to ways of establishing museum units, in particular through bringing back into operation saltworks that have not been used for some years.

In addition to these activities of collec- tion and research, the Ethnological Museum of Monte Redondo organizes temporary exhibitions and publishes, under the direction of Armindo de San- tos, the periodical Meridies, which serves as a link between the museum and universities and research centres, both national and international.

Akocbete Ecomuseum In Alcochete, on the south bank of the Tagus estuary, the Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines of an ecomuseum has already reached an ad- vanced stage. The municipality has taken the necessary steps to Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines it to open, by fitting out premises for the central sec- tion and the museum units distributed through the area and by providing Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines for research, particularly in the fields of ar- chaeology, ethnology Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines history.

All this work of Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines out and collecting objects that are representative of life in the municipality has been accomplished with the Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines collaboration of the in- habitants. Other units deal with those economic activities that, in the course of history, have been most prevalent in the region, such as the working of the salt marshes, agriculture, shipbuilding and river transport.

The saltworks unit will consist of an old saltworks that continues, alongside other, modernized saltworks, to function with traditional equipment -the outbuildings, Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines, pump, machines, etc.

The rural unit is to be housed in an old farm possessing the locally used means of water supply in the form of a noria, a well and a tank.

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There will be a display of farming implements, collected by Jacome Ratton, which illustrate rural life and technological change in farms ranging in size from the smallholding to the large landed estate in the municipality of Alcochete. Museum visits will include visits to the Reserve of the Tagus estuary, partly in- cluded in the local administrative area, and the old city centre.

During the pre- paratory phase, study tours, symposia and exhibitions were organized for the 4. The central building of Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines museum. The development of ecomuseums in Portugal local inhabitants, especially for school- children. For some time it has concerned itself with inventorying, collecting, preserving and studying the cultural heritage, particularly the in- dustrial heritage.

The work under way has led to the salvaging of old machines, lithographic presses and other printing equipment to be reused for educational and cultural purposes. This is Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines integral part of the traditional setting and represents for the community a source of economic wealth conducive to the development of industrial activities, fiShing, working of the salt marshes and river tourism.

At the beginning of the present decade, the niunicipality of Cartaxo took the first steps towards establishing a local museum: it Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines an old farm, Quinta das Pratas, converted it to house the museum facilities and exhibition rooms and acquired a varied collection put together by the farmer and stockbreeder Duarte de Oliveira. The ex- hibits, although numerous Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines valuable, did not adequately illustrate the Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines dominant agricultural activity, wine- growing.

This gap was filled thanks to Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines collaboration of the local population, who, understanding the purpose and value of the museum, donated objects relating to the various stages of wine pro- duction. Inthe Cartaxo municipal council organized meetings between farmers, councillors and specialists to discuss what type of museum would con- vey the truest image of local life and best respond to the real concerns of the peo- ple. In the same year, an exhibition was organized to give the public an oppor- tunity to see Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines kind of museum was being planned for Cartaxo and to discover and appreciate the local heritage.

The Rural and Wine-growing Ecomuseum of the Municipality of Car- tax0 consists of a central unit housed in the Quinta das Pratas and offers several itineraries for visitors to discover the dwellings and scenery typical of Ribatejo, along with past and present activities in the region and local resources.

The museum will place at the disposal of local inhabitants and visitors alike the means of discovering a rural culture that has maintained its vital character in this area where, since the birth of the Portuguese nation, wine-growing has been the leading economic activity. Plans for the museum include units that will be used simultaneously as study and research cen- tres.

The itineraries envisaged will even- tually result in a Wine Route which Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines combine tourism proper with an in- troduction to the economic life of the region. The aim of Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines ecomuseum is to make a useful contribution to the development of the region by encourag- ing people to make better use of local natural and human resources.

There, too, from the outset, councillors, specialists Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines local people joined forces to protect, study and make known their cultural heritage. Our task was to recover and give permanent form to that memory, its strucmres and Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines physical expressions, combining the essentially Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines with the socially and economically pro- fitable.

Agricultural central unit. This has led the Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines to the establishment of new units: a centre on the art and history of the Islamic period, which will be housed in a handsome seventeenth- century building currently being restored; a Roman Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines unit site museum in the basement of the Town Hall, which has been restored so Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines to set off the pavements Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines foundations of a fourth-century urban building; a palaeo- Christian unit site museum among the ruins of a basilica dating from the fifth, sixth and seventh centuries, considered to be the most important palaeo-Christian epigraphic centre in the country; and the castle, an imposing Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines architectural structure, where a collection of stone Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines at present scattered throughout the city will be exhibited in the open air.

The Craft Centre will Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines the growing ethnographic collection and a workshop training centre for the manufacture and sale of woollen blankets, which are still produced in the region. In the old Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines of Noudar, five kilo- metres from Barrancos, the municipality Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines given its support to an initiative so far unique in Portugal, in the form of a pro- ject for the restoration of buildings using traditional building techniques and local manpower.

This operation is rescuing traditional techniques from oblivion while at the same time creating new jobs. Two workshops are currently being prepared and equip- ped. Under Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines supervision of instruc- tors, they will enable young people to im- prove their theoretical Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines practical knowledge of various activities such as pottery, painting, basketwork, carpen- try, weaving and the manufacture of rope and stockings two traditional local ac- tivities.

These local museums, whether or not they are called ecomuseums, are evidence of a new, active approach to museology in Portugal, closely bound up with the life of the people. W e have miles to go andlittle enough time. Old ways and the older leadership were challenged by new, younger voices- voices that heard and marched to a dif- ferent drummer. No longer would revered American institutions conduct business as usual.

No doubt Mumford felt that museums Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines buildings with places for the entombment of the relics of the dead above ground, and with no vital Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines to play in the present or future life of the communities in which they were or might Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines located.

Dillon Ripley to John R. Kinard, 22 May The Anna J. Cooper: A Voice From the Soplth exhibition is seen in the background. Anna J. Cooper was a former American Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines, who earned a Ph. John R. Kinard Born in Washington, D. Widely travelled on the African continent, in Europe and the Caribbean, he has been a frequent lecturer and visitor to many national and international museums. A community activist, he has been direc- tor since of the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum.

At an earlier time museums were charged with paying too little attention to the social and cultural needs of the general public. Low argued against museums giving Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines only to a privileged audience and vigorously ad- Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines the development of popular education in addition to Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines traditional museum functions of acquisition, preser- vation and scholarly study. Thought to be a radical, Low felt that popular education should be extended to the educated mid- dle class.

While today that does not seem to be a Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines idea, Low was Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines fluenced by the visionary John Cotton Dana 6-who, at the turn Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines the century, made the Newark New Jersey Public Library famous by extending its services to everyone and making the Newark Museum a source of community pride.

But not even Low could have fore- seen the dramatic and now historical events that would take place in the s, that would radically change his concept of the museum as a social instrument. For who could have Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines the Mont- gomery Alabama Bus Boycott, Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines March on Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines Alabamathe assassination of Martin Luther King Jr, the influx of blacks and Latinos to urban Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines, the physical Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines spiritual decadence of the inner cities, the rapid growth of white suburban communities, the rise of revolutionary student activity against the Vier Nam war on American college campuses, and a growing counter- culture movement against the establish- ment, affecting all cultural institutions, including museums.

Elements in the manzyesto Reaching beyond the conventional con- cept of a storage place and research cen- tre, the museum of the s became an institution with unlimited chances for growth and responsibility- Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines ties that go beyond collecting, studying, conserving and exhibiting its treasures.

For in the s, the American museum profession, with some prodding from their non-traditional museum counter- parts, became concerned with the idea of museums as instruments for social change. Ideas are ever changing. So the idea of the museum as a vehicle for public service evolves constantly in the search for new avenues and opportunities.

Representatives from the more estab- lished and renowned museums met with directors and staff of neighbourhood museums and arts centres from around the country to engage in meaningful dialogue. Among the first of its kind, this conference explored the problem of the lack of contact between museums and the communities around them, for after whites had fled from downtown neighbourhoods following the civil disorders ofmany museums found themselves surrounded by divergent groups and discordant sounds.

Kinard from the scheduled agenda, the prob- lems of cultural identity, the crisis of the cities, and the need of the United States to reassess and reassert its priorities were among the concerns that the in- vited conferees addressed. Many of us were trying to design and develop neighbourhood museums and cultural centres to Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines the broader needs of our culturally impoverished communities.

While I do not deny the value or Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines of collecting and exhibiting evidences of our material culture, I stand with those who also believe that museums must be willing to become instigators of new cultural and social trends. The museum must serve its total community.

Just as archaeology conterns itself with the evidence of the past, so must the museum concern itself with Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines, documents and oral history, which provide a better understanding of the present and can foster a stronger sense of community history and identity. Together, archaeological research and museum programmes can be valuable in the effort to Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines urban communi- ties and to encourage the restoration of a sense of place among their residents.

The destiny of the museum is the destiny of the community; their relation- ship is both symbiotic and catalytic. As it reaches out to the community, the museum is enlivened and explores new ways and means Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines exhibiting the local heritage and of promoting local issues, thus serving as a catalyst for change.

Mine, of course, is a maximalist view. There are still museum professionals who feel that big cities with their present Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines of social and economic problems are beyond the realm of their interest or responsibility.

Fearing that involvement in urban problems will somehow lead to a reduction of their affluent patronage and aesthetic standards, without helping to solve a single urban problem, many museum directors have simply tried to keep the problems at bay, while hoping that others will quickly solve them. But as Grove has so wisely stated: Museum men too rarely encourage dis- sent or arrange occasions for the open exchange of views about bothersome issues.

For the role of these new neighborhood institutions will fall in- to place only when there is a. But that new definition cannot be imposed on either the museum administration or the community Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines fgndumentul social problems have been understood andgrappled with italics added. Over the din of sometime harsh and angry voices, difficult questions were asked and bothersome issues were raised, but the boat was moving. GAPan aggressive broad-based community group that offered an ex- cellent chance for the Smithsonian to reach beyond its Mall facilities to an Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines ing inner-city neighbourhood and in partnership create a small regional or ter- ritorial museum similar to those decen- tralized cultural facilities known as ecomuseums in Canada and France.

All eyes suddenly focused on a new ex- perimental branch of the Smithsonian Institution and on Anacostia-a low- income community of 1OO,OOO residents nestled in the hills and dales of the Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines south-east corner of Washington.

On 15 Prostitutes Montceau-les-Minesa converted cinema reopened its doors to the community as the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum. Illuminated by floodlights an evening opening ceremony made it possible for a crowd of 4, to Prostitutes Montceau-les-Minesa festival-like atmosphere permeated Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines air as a neighbourhood drum and bugle corps performed to the delight of the audience and a jazz band played in a once vacant lot Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines to the museum building, now transformed into a small garden.

On the podium, Smithsonian and city of- ficials joined neighbourhood leaders, clergymen, a police captain and young people, who in immeasurable ways had helped to make this day possible.

In less than a year this museum, produced with the technical skills of the Smithsonian and the combined efforts of the com- munity, was being heralded as a national role model. Neither time nor space permits me to give a detailed account of our first, in- novative programmes and frequently changing exhibits.

But for many visitors and observers alike this exhibit of live rats in a safe and controlled Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines was the cornerstone of our success. It Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines only raised our level of awareness about a social and environmental problem that afflicted many of our neighbours, but also offered valuable information and a solution to Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines problem Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines rodent Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines trol.

It is interesting to note Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines role of the church museums in paving the way for the use of museums by the general public, when they opened up their treasure houses to the community on special feast days, holy days and other noted events.

I feel certain, however, that former museum administrators must have made this somewhat exclusive ad- missions policy in the spirit of exaequo e t bozo according to what is fair and good.

The age of democratic thought and egalitarianism would follow much later. The institution will Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines change, however, as long Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines it is not in- timately involved with people.

Some- times I think that museum personnel see the public as a necessary encumbrance. They must come to see us; we never need to reach out to them. They are like coun- try cousins who make an annual pil- grimage to visit us, their city relatives, who tolerate their presence, dispas- sionately listen to their stories and ex- periences, and are glad when they depart and leave us to our more important work.

Even when some of us do welcome the public with open arms, we do not interact enough with them. We do not cultivate a sense of mutual respect, a mutual shar- Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines of ideas, for, believing their ideas to be pedestrian and unimaginative, we shun interaction and lose the opportunity for a rewarding cultural exchange. Much of the spiritual suffering of our Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines can be healed through interpersonal relationships.

People have a driving desire to know more about themselves, their history, and their en- vironment, as well as of others who in- habit distant lands and whose cultures and life-styles are so very different from their own. They hunger and thirst for knowledge upon which to build a better society today, but are shown relics of the past that, lacking a meaningful inter- pretation, seem not to connect with their heritage, their more pressing concerns of the moment or their hopes and dreams of the future.

Are they correct? When one considers that museums, like other great institutions that educate the public, are also influenced by external stimuli and changes in society, then they have both the responsibility Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines the opportunity to enhance the way that we perceive ourselves, the manner in which we Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines teract socially and culturally.

They can in- spire and bring into Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines our dreams and hopes for a better future. We are on the threshold of a new cen- tury, a century that will demand vigorous and decisive action. If museums are to survive and address new cultural values, then the involvement of people is need- ed. The choice is ours to make. Either we can recoil from the challenge and retreat into our Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines ivory towers, or be Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines to take hold of the moment and take the bold and creative steps Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines to meet our public on their own terms, in their own neighbourhoods or territorial regionsand offer them the full range of learning opportunities that are made possible through a wise use of our energies and fiscal resources.

I believe that research into contem- porary issues, when put into an historical perspective, can give Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines a better understanding of the significance of their own lives, serve as guidance for the future and provide information that they can readily understand and Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines.

Frequently we know more about our existence as organic beings then we know about who we are and how we fit into our social milieu. Far too many people, who have been economically and politically victimized and robbed of cultural integri- ty, see the world in microcosm.

Thus we do not see our true Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines and con- nection to a much larger world. Museums can provide not only scientific an- thropological information, but, through 2. See John R. Museumsin Motion. Museums: Their New Prostitutes Montceau-les-Mines. Washington, D.