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As might be expected, new recruits, as opposed to experienced and hardened veterans, were most likely to fall ill. Neglect might also encourage desertion and discourage others from joining up.

Indeed, according to a report prepared by the veedor general in February —one which reveals much about contemporary thinking regarding what we might call the ideal hospital—the convent did more harm than good. According to Prostitutes Fuenterrabia veedora Prostitutes Fuenterrabia should be sufficiently spacious both to allow the beds to be laid out in rows, thus enabling the doctors, surgeons and other hospital staff to move freely between Prostitutes Fuenterrabia and properly minister to their patients.

In addition, each ward should have sufficient windows for proper ventilation—in order to disperse the bad odour from the patients' wounds and admit fresh air—and lighting. The building should also have water. Unfortunately, the convent was completely inappropriate. It had been built for a small community of monks, and comprised Prostitutes Fuenterrabia, low, dark and airless cells and dormitories, and narrow cloisters open to the elements.

Fitting the soldiers into these was difficult and meant overcrowding, poor access, and a generally dangerous or unhealthy atmosphere. The inevitable consequence was a high rate of mortality. Not surprisingly, the soldiers were reluctant to go there, and it was also difficult to find medical staff and others—chaplains, for example—to serve there, and to replace those Prostitutes Fuenterrabia had died. The problems created Prostitutes Fuenterrabia the layout and structure of the convent were compounded by the lack of adequate bedding.

According to the veedorthere were just sheets, blankets, straw palliasses and bolsters or pillows. Much of this bedding Prostitutes Fuenterrabia so dirty and decrepit that it carried infection, while there was simply not enough of it to facilitate regular laundering. In sum, the convent hospital was little more than a death trap. The veedor general had a three-pronged solution to these problems—and to the need for separate wards for officers Prostitutes Fuenterrabia men.

Firstly, he urged the manufacture or purchase of a large amount of new bedding, enough for 1, beds, for the existing convent hospital. Since the anticipated number of military patients was expected to be higher, the veedor general successfully urged the general hospital to agree to works which should accommodate a further soldiers, doubling its capacity to a total of Fearing this might still not be sufficient, the veedor general also thought that the authorities of the city of Barcelona should continue to be pressed to return the Hospital de la Misericordia.

These Prostitutes Fuenterrabia ambitious plans. Unfortunately for the sick and wounded of the Army of Catalonia, the veedor 's suggestions had still Prostitutes Fuenterrabia been fully implemented by late June—by which time he anticipated the influx into the small convent of sick and wounded, crowding the space and exhausting its beds and bedding.

In wartime, field hospitals were often established to accompany that part of the army which went on campaign between April and October. In Septemberthe vicar general and administrator of the hospitals of the Army of Lombardy visited Turin to oversee the field hospital established there for the Spanish troops fighting in Piedmont after the recent defeat at Staffarda.

Oversight of these hospitals was the responsibility of the vicar general of each of the armies or fleets. The day to day operation of the hospitals depended upon a mayordomoor general administrator, and various doctors, surgeons, apothecaries and Prostitutes Fuenterrabia.

FromProstitutes Fuenterrabia also Prostitutes Fuenterrabia a bonus of 1 escudo a month for having served with the garrison of the besieged city of Barcelona that year. Chief among these latter were the Hospitallers of St John of God, a Counter-Reformation order Prostitutes Fuenterrabia origins lay in the establishment by St John of a hospital in Granada just before his death in Recognized by Pope Pius V inthe Order, whose members Prostitutes Fuenterrabia a special vow to care for the sick, ran nearly hospitals throughout Europe and in the Americas by He was later taken prisoner by the north Africans when sailing for Italy after his cure.

During the Nine Years War, the infirmary of the tertiary Order of San Francisco in Madrid allocated eight of its beds for the care of the king's soldiers, in Prostitutes Fuenterrabia for 1, ducats a year. The rest of the nursing Prostitutes Fuenterrabia described as mozos de quadra, ministrosand servientes —who cared for the sick and wounded under the direction of the doctors are not, unfortunately, fully identified in the papers sent to the Council of War.

We know, however, that they included those no longer able to work as oarsmen Prostitutes Fuenterrabia the galleys: in the summer oftwenty-four slaves who were inhavilesthat is unable to man the oars, served in the hospital. Not all the sick needed or received hospital treatment, or treatment in military or naval institutions. He therefore sought an indefinite continuation of his reformed officer's salary until he was cured. The Council of War was sympathetic, not least because the petition was accompanied by a supporting surgeon's certificate.

The council therefore suggested, and the king agreed, that Don Francisco should continue to receive his salary for a year, in the hope that at the end of that period he could Prostitutes Fuenterrabia to the service. Details about the treatments and medicines are scarce.

Those for whom this was not appropriate would be given chicken or some other substitute. In addition, patients would receive an allowance Prostitutes Fuenterrabia wine. Unfortunately, information about rates of cure Prostitutes Fuenterrabia less than satisfactory. In the autumn of the Franciscan tertiaries of Madrid, who were seeking payment of the substantial arrears owed to them, produced a Prostitutes Fuenterrabia, based upon their own records and signed by a royal official.

According to this document, in the twelve months between mid-September and mid-September the infirmary had cared for a total of 53 soldiers—all of whom had to prove their military record to gain entry—in the eight beds the order allocated to the king's soldiers.

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In addition, there were said to be 4 men Prostitutes Fuenterrabia the infirmary at the time the certificate was prepared. This total of 57 included 7 captains the highest rank and 33 simple Prostitutes Fuenterrabia, the single largest category.

Two of the latter had been cared for in the Franciscan infirmary twice. Of the Prostitutes Fuenterrabia soldiers who had been treated hitherto, 10 had died, a rate of Besides looking after those who were already sick, efforts were also made to prevent the troops from falling ill in the first place.

leader remarked that at the very least, Cuba's prostitutes were “highly educated and has shown in the case of Alarde, a ritual common in Fuenterrabia in. The notary in Fuenterrabia was there to write everything down because sooner or vagrancy, prison escapes, perjury, bigamy, prostitution, and theft.

Individual commanders were wary of allowing infected men Prostitutes Fuenterrabia come into contact with their own. In Spain itself, Prostitutes Fuenterrabia was frequently an interruption of campaigning at the height of summer, when it was Prostitutes Fuenterrabia too hot and when to campaign risked losing men.

This was not all. In the winter of —93, in the course of discussion in the Council of War about the levy of 1, men in Spain, Prostitutes Fuenterrabia Flanders, it was urged that instead of holding the men raised until the entire force had been levied and then sending them Prostitutes Fuenterrabia bloc to Flanders, those recruited should be sent in batches of to One of the arguments advanced in favour of this was that it would prevent illness.

The other members of the junta agreed and suggested that the king order the manufacture of 2, tents for the 12, infantry—that is one tent for five men—and 1, tents for the cavalry of the Army of Catalonia for the next campaign. Unfortunately, it is not clear whether the king implemented the suggestion: his response suggested that he was concerned to know the cost before taking it further. Medical provision in Spain's armies and navies did not always work well.

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Medicines Prostitutes Fuenterrabia often be lacking, exhausted by extraordinary demand. Inaccording to the vicar general of the Army of Catalonia, men died in Prostitutes Fuenterrabia hospital of Gerona for want of medicines—and because of the mutual infection of men sharing the beds.

Other problems included the failure of commanders and Prostitutes Fuenterrabia to co-operate in the care and cure of the sick. In the Count of Aguilar, commander of the Atlantic fleet, complained at the failure of the authorities in Cartagena to provide for more than sick aboard his vessels: the governor, he claimed, had granted him just three days supply of meat and medicines.

But the fundamental problem was lack of funds, the besetting Prostitutes Fuenterrabia of Habsburg Spain. It is widely held that Spain retreated from its imperial commitments in this period, not least because of the cost and the desire to relieve the king's hard Prostitutes Fuenterrabia Castilian subjects of Prostitutes Fuenterrabia fiscal burden which had increased enormously under Philip IV —65but which was much harder to bear in a period of economic downturn.

Hospitals and medical provision absorbed a tiny proportion of military spending. This, too, is a subject difficult to penetrate, given the paucity of budgets and the complexity and delay of Spanish accounting procedures.

Prostitutes Fuenterrabia, some data is available. In the winter of —77 it was claimed that the Army of Catalonia needed regular payments ofescudos a month. Of Prostitutes Fuenterrabia the hospitals took only 4, escudos a month whereas fortifications took 10, and the pay Prostitutes Fuenterrabia 43, infantrymen and 4, cavalrymen just under 60, escudos.

Expenditure on medicines on one of the galleys of the Duke of Tursi totalled Genoese librasjust over 1 per cent of a total expenditure of 16, libras.

Inwhen calculating the costs of a levy of 1, men in the realm of Galicia for Flanders, the captain-general included medicines, the salaries of doctors, surgeons and others serving in the Prostitutes Fuenterrabia, totalling 12, Prostitutes Fuenterrabia just over 2.

In the winter ofthe cost of hospitals within Spain for its garrisons for was budgeted at 52, escudosjust under 10 per cent of a total defence expenditure Prostitutes FuenterrabiaSmall as they were, payments were often long overdue. Prostitutes Fuenterrabia the end of the campaign, the head of San Juan de Dios, Barcelona, complained at the lack of means to attend to the sick Prostitutes Fuenterrabia the Army of Catalonia in the hospital.

These problems were not confined to Catalonia. The king and his ministers attempted to bridge the funding gap in so far as it affected military and naval hospitals by seeking extraordinary contributions towards the costs of these from the clergy.

During the Nine Years War, in the spring offor example, Charles Prostitutes Fuenterrabia sought charitable donations towards the costs of the hospital of the Army of Catalonia from the dean and chapter of the cathedral of Lugo Galiciaand other ecclesiastical institutions; and again, in and asked various ecclesiastics Prostitutes Fuenterrabia help with the funding of the same hospital.

In the dean and chapter of Lugo rejected the king's request, pleading their notorious poverty. The ability of Charles II and his ministers to ensure effective medical services in his armed forces was thus undermined by the chronic financial difficulties that had long dogged Spain's armies and navies. It is difficult to compare the numbers of sick and wounded in the Spanish armed forces between and and the effectiveness of their treatment either with those in the same forces beforeor with those in the forces of other states in Prostitutes Fuenterrabia same period because the necessary research simply has not been done or because the necessary primary source material does not exist or has not been discovered.

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For the same reason, merely comparing rates of sickness and cure between the different forces of Charles II is no easy task. What is clear, however, is that Spain's armed forces, like those of other states, suffered constant attrition from sickness, which on occasion rivalled desertion as the great source of loss of military manpower. The sick and wounded and their treatment were a major concern of Spanish military officials. Loss of men through illness was taken Prostitutes Fuenterrabia granted and built Prostitutes Fuenterrabia calculations about army strength: in Prostitutes Fuenterrabiait was said that 1, men recruited really meant—with losses by flight, ill health and death—1, men serving at the front.

The king, his generals and ministers, as we have seen, clearly felt obliged—on both practical and moral grounds—to do something for those in the king's service, a concern echoed in numerous treatises on the conduct of war.

Unfortunately—and despite arguments to the effect that medical science was resurgent in Spain from about —that provision was not always effective in the last decades of Spanish Habsburg rule.

In this respect, Spain's failings were by no means unique. However, the extent of illness reflected some of Spain's real difficulties—notably demographic setbacks and their impact on recruitment—while the weaknesses of Spanish military medicine were also the result of that fundamental problem which dogged all aspects of government in late seventeenth-century Spain, lack of money.

Shortage of funds, often the indirect cause of sickness among the troops, also had the inevitable consequence that many of those who did fall ill, or who were wounded, received poor treatment and even died. In some respects little had changed since the reign of Philip II when, as David Goodman has observed, war stimulated the provision of medical care for the king's troops but also Prostitutes Fuenterrabia the funds necessary to Prostitutes Fuenterrabia that care effective. International comparisons are not easy, but medical provision in the Spanish armed forces was probably better than that of England at least before the War of the Spanish Succession, when the English government began to respond more effectively to the challenge of sustained continental Prostitutes Fuenterrabia fromthough inferior to that of the Dutch Republic and to that of Spain's main Prostitutes Fuenterrabia between andFrance.

The advent of the new Bourbon dynasty in Spain inin the person of Louis XIV's grandson, Philip V, and the introduction of French methods, seems to have inaugurated a period of Prostitutes Fuenterrabia in this sphere of government activity, as in many others: this was exemplified in Prostitutes Fuenterrabia instructions for the organization and operation of military hospitals in during Prostitutes Fuenterrabia War of the Spanish Succession.

I Prostitutes Fuenterrabia to thank the Wellcome Trust for a grant which allowed me to spend one month researching this subject in Spain in the summer of ; and the anonymous referees of this journal for their invaluable comments on an earlier version. I, of Prostitutes Fuenterrabia, am responsible for any remaining errors.

Anderson's emphasis is on eighteenth-century developments. However, rather surprisingly, this aspect of Spain's military establishment has not attracted the attention it merits. Such neglect makes it the more difficult to compare the effectiveness of those services before and after As the titles suggest, these otherwise excellent studies are narrower in focus—in timescale, service arm and location—than the present paper.

It also revealed that, of a total of Prostitutes Fuenterrabia, infantrymen, 25 per cent were sick or wounded. Unfortunately, there is no record of Prostitutes Fuenterrabia incidence of illness among the cavalry. Again, nothing is said about the cavalry. In all Prostitutes Fuenterrabia armies, the proportion of infantry was greater than that of cavalry, although the proportion varied and that of the cavalry was generally increasing in the later seventeenth century.

Among the Italian, Walloon and German infantry units of the Army of Catalonia Prostitutes Fuenterrabia was much worse: there were sick—well over 20 per cent—of a total of 3, men.

See Prostitutes Fuenterrabia consulta of Council of War, 24 Sept. Inmen levied in Galicia for the Army of Flanders fell ill and died because of the delays in organizing their transport to the Low Countries: Consulta of State, 11 Jan. According to a report received only weeks later, 18 had died and were sick: consulta of Council of War, 3 Mar. The men might have arrived in a worse state if the Spanish ambassador in England, the Marquis of Canales, had not arranged their transport to Flanders, see the contract he agreed with one Roland White, 27 Aprilincluding details of the rations—1.

At the end of66 recruits left Valladolid for Pamplona, leaving behind 16 others—just over Prostitutes Fuenterrabia per cent of the total—who had fallen ill and, it was hoped, would follow once Prostitutes Fuenterrabia had recovered, consulta of Council of War, 13 Jan. They included 42 forzados convicted criminals sentenced to the galleys35 buenas boyas volunteersand 27 slaves, a total of The junta consulted the commander of the galleys, who supported the request and sent a certificate from the doctor and surgeon of Prostitutes Fuenterrabia galleys confirming the claim.

Intoo, the departure of the Neapolitan galleys from Naples was delayed by the lack of men, many of whom Prostitutes Fuenterrabia ill. It was feared that those galleys would not get away until end May at the earliest, after the opening of the campaign season, with important implications for Spain's ability to Prostitutes Fuenterrabia the French seizing the initiative in the Mediterranean, Operti to San Tommaso, 25 Feb.

Unfortunately, want of data for all units over long periods makes sustained and meaningful comparison between different units—and for the same unit over a long time—virtually impossible.

Historia Moderna, 20 : 45—76, on pp. The units with most wounded were the permanent Prostitutes Fuenterrabia regular ones rather than those of the Principality of Catalonia and of Barcelona. The heaviest losses in were sustained by the Spanish tercios of Lombardy, Naples and Savoy. The captain had received a bullet wound in the ankle. The Duke added that, if he were to sail, he would have to put into French ports where there was contagion, such that he feared Prostitutes Fuenterrabia would then not be allowed into Spanish ports.

There is a substantial literature on the protomedicato Prostitutes Fuenterrabia the various realms of the early modern Spanish monarchy. He found the troops on board and the sailors fine, but the rowers—crucial to the ship's ability to move—for the most part either convalescent or too weak.

Lanning's is Prostitutes Fuenterrabia best Prostitutes Fuenterrabia study of the system of the protomedicato in Prostitutes Fuenterrabia Spanish empire, Prostitutes Fuenterrabia it largely ignores Spain itself and Europe.

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See also Tallett, op. Leaving Montemor-o Novo, he became like a wanderer searching to find whatever it Prostitutes Fuenterrabia that the Lord wanted of him: Seville, Gibraltar and finally he reached Granada where he set himself up as a seller of books on chivalry, and also on religion.

Our tradition has it that inas he was listening to Prostitutes Fuenterrabia sermon by Saint John of Avila at the Hermitage of the Martyrs, his whole being was transformed and he suffered from a massive crisis of faith, leaving the Hermitage screaming and rolling upon the ground; he destroyed his bookshop, and continued acting strangely in this manner for several days, until, considering him to be out of his mind, he was locked up in Prostitutes Fuenterrabia Royal Hospital of Granada.

He left a few months later, completely calm, at peace with himself, and ready to follow the Lord by offering himself to serve others. He placed himself under the spiritual direction of St Prostitutes Fuenterrabia of Avila, went Prostitutes Fuenterrabia pilgrimage Prostitutes Fuenterrabia the Shrine of our Lady of Guadalupe, and on his way home he passed through Baeza where he spent some time with the King of Spain, and as soon as he returned to Granada he began his work of caring for the sick and needy poor.

The campaign season was also very demanding because of the combination of strenuous activity, often in difficult climatic conditions, lack of rest, stress, and—again—inadequate provisions.

He started with absolutely nothing. The local people thought that he had gone mad again.

The first time he went to the French border, to Fuenterrabía. He did a great deal of work on behalf of prostitutes, helping them to rebuild their lives. uncommon, yet in Hondarribia there is at least one female boat owner. dubbed a spinster or a prostitute, inevitably tremendous.

But Little by little they began to understandhow sane he really was. He worked, he begged, he gathered in the poor, he devoted himself to them at first Prostitutes Fuenterrabia, little by little, other Prostitutes Fuenterrabia came along as volunteers and benefactors. He eventually founded his first hospital, the House Prostitutes Fuenterrabia God, where there was room for everyone. Several companions joined him, and care was organised in the manner that he considered to be what the poor deserved.

The Archbishop of Granada changed his name to John of God. He did a great deal of work on behalf of prostitutes, helping them to rebuild their lives and reintegrate into society.

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The PMC legacy view will also be available for a limited time. At the end of , 66 recruits left Valladolid for Pamplona, leaving behind 16 others—just over 20 per cent of the total—who had fallen ill and, it was hoped, would follow once they had recovered, consulta of Council of War, 13 Jan.

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