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Child trafficking is a global phenomenon, which continues to grow against all odds due to the prevalence of push factors such as humanitarian crisis around the world, poverty, and exclusion amongst others UNODC, a. Jordan, G. However, majority of children are trafficked for sexual exploitation according to reports Antislavery International,

The discourse about child protection under international and Nigerian human Prostitutes Lalupon clearly shows that Prostitutes Lalupon measures, including legal and institutional measures, have been adopted at international, regional and national levels to protect children. However, they have not had significant impact on the plight of children whose rights are abused and violated on daily basis.

In some parts of Nigeria for example, children are still being branded witches, leading to their stigmatization. As a result, they are beaten, maimed and killed in extreme cases; and child vulnerability Prostitutes Lalupon fervidly pitched at the highest level due to insurgency, banditry and other criminality that give rise to displacements and the establishment of internally displaced persons IDPs camps Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies NIALS Failure of legal measures to offer meaningful protection is due to a number of Prostitutes Lalupon highlighted below:.

The principle of locus standi is one of the many reasons that Prostitutes Lalupon effective enforcement of the rights of children. Under this principle, before any action Prostitutes Lalupon be instituted, the standing of such a person Prostitutes Lalupon be considered in order to do merit to the case.

The Nigerian Constitution and the Fundamental Rights Enforcement Procedure Rules reinforces the principle of locus standi by providing that before any of the fundamental rights guaranteed under Chapter IV of the Constitution can be invoked, the applicant must be the actual person whose right has been breached. The implication is that application could not be filed in the name of another person but that of the complainant; which invariably translates to inability of the child to enforce the rights under Chapter IV due to Prostitutes Lalupon impediments of age limitation and other social limitations, including finance.

Some cultural and religious practices, which preclude children from suing an adult or parents for a wrong done Prostitutes Lalupon them, also pose serious challenge.

The attitude of the family and by extension, the society towards recognizing that children have rights contributes largely to the non-implementation of the CRA and other measures. Areas of conflict include Prostitutes Lalupon prohibition of child and forced marriages, child begging and destitution, and the right to education, girl-child education, adoption of a child amongst others.

Prostitutes Lalupon terms of adoption, although this is lawful and permissible under Part 12 of the CRA, s.

The section also makes such marriage an offence, conviction of which attracts a term of imprisonment of up to fourteen years. This is because adoption is expressly outlawed in Islam due to its consequences Quaran However, there seems to be a contradiction in this Prostitutes Lalupon since adoption within legal confines could still be safer than the almajirici Yakubu, system, which is allowed in Islam. Related to challenge posed by religion is the obvious omission of the jurisdiction of a State Sharia Court of Appeal in matters relating to children.

Under Part 13 of CRA unlimited jurisdiction to hear and determine matters pertaining to children is vested in the family Court s. Additionally, the court has special jurisdiction in all matters relating to children as specified under the Act, even though, the Act saves the jurisdiction of normal criminal courts to try cases or offences by adult offenders as specified in part III Protection of the rights Prostitutes Lalupon the Child of CRA or any other law.

Again, issues relating to jurisdictional conflicts must be well Prostitutes Lalupon and articulated since some existing courts also have jurisdiction over some matters involving children such as the Sharia Court of Appeal Prostitutes Lalupon a State which has express jurisdiction s. It is pertinent to note that the survival or otherwise of any law or policy depends largely on the political Prostitutes Lalupon to enforce Prostitutes Lalupon implement. Many laws and child protection measures have being implemented partially.

This situation is made worse by lack of coordination and harmonious relationship among states, mainstream ministries of women affairs Prostitutes Lalupon Justice, which has been said to account for why the state of the Nigerian child remains the same, sixteen years after the passage of CRA. Between states governments and civil society groups, there is reportedly little or no cooperation and collaboration in the promotion and protection of the rights of children in the various states as they all seem to be Prostitutes Lalupon on the importance of the complementary roles they can play in the promotion of children rights and welfare.

With provisions of CRA, for example, becoming so distant at the corridors of legal and judicial corridors, there is likelihood that CRA may never achieve its set objective since people who should enforce it seem oblivious of its provisions.

Accordingly, continuous legal and judicial education in the area of comparative human rights jurisprudence and the administration of Justice as it affects legal and other measures is imperative. In addition Prostitutes Lalupon the Prostitutes Lalupon recommendations made in Prostitutes Lalupon course of this discourse, some overarching recommendations are underscored below:.

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In that regard, cooperation Prostitutes Lalupon hinge on drafting and formulating policies that promote and protect the overall wellbeing of the child. To achieve this, government and stakeholders must demonstrate a strong political will to honestly protect children through the instrument of rights enforcement. Violence against children is a phenomenon that should Prostitutes Lalupon us all. This is because rather than ensuring extreme protection for children, adults have, and continue to perpetuate violence against children.

The prevalence of child labor, increased trafficking and pedophilia and other forms of violence against children are undeniable, especially Prostitutes Lalupon Nigeria, which have damaged millions of children physically and psychologically.

Violence against children is reinforced by numerous factors, such as poverty, bad governance, lack of educational and employment opportunities, conflicts, etc. Recognizing the consequences of violence against children, on both the victims and the larger society, the international community adopted several measures, including legal measures. Internationally legal measures contain important provisions which have been incorporated into Nigerian laws, both to enhance existing legal provisions and to bring about a new legal order that addresses the problem of violence against children in the country UNODC, ; UNICEF, b.

The Prostitutes Lalupon to enhance protection for vulnerable children in the country arose from the prevalence of problem of child exploitation Prostitutes Lalupon inadequacies of existing laws on child rights protection. These laws contain Prostitutes Lalupon provisions on child protection as well as juvenile justice as already noted.

However, violence against children continues relentlessly. Therefore, it is important for government and all stakeholders Prostitutes Lalupon ensure that measures on child rights protection are effectively implemented. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. It came into force on March 23, Prostitutes Lalupon, in accordance with Article It entered Prostitutes Lalupon force on January 3,in accordance with Prostitutes Lalupon The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication Prostitutes Lalupon this paper.

Domestic Workers Endangered in Nigeria. Pm News. African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, 13, Child Abuse. Okagbue Eds. The Nation Online. Religion, Legitimacy and Conflict in Nigeria. Publius, 40, Feminist Economies, 25, Journal of African Law, 54, Sale and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Exploitation. Aina Ed. Ilishan: Babcock University Press Ltd.

International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 3, Further Thoughts Prostitutes Lalupon Law and Jurisprudence p. Ibadan: Spectrum Books. US-China Education Review, 5, Children: The New Face of Terrorism. International NGO Journal, 3, Journal of Women and Social Work, 22, Religion and Political Turbulence in Nigeria.

Journal of Modern African Studies, 29, Thesis, Wales: National Library of Wales. Odor Eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

The Relationship between Poverty and Development. Journal of Sustainable Development, 2, Ranger Ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Understanding the Drivers of Rural Vulnerability Prostitutes Lalupon. Employment Working Paper No. World Migration Report. Geneva: IOM. Pediatrics, United Nations Prostitutes Lalupon on Human Rights. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Prostitutes Lalupon.

Miles Ed. Cornell Policy Review. African Yearbook of International Law, 22, Constitutional Democracy in Africa p. Ibadan: Spectrum Books, Ibadan, Nigeria. African Identities, 7, International Journal of Innovative Education Research, 6, Maticka-Tyndale et al. Masud et al. Netherlands: Brill NV Leiden. The Muslim World, 99, Measuring Poverty in Nigeria pp.

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United Kingdom: Oxfam. International Child Law pp. London: Routledge. Concluding Observations. The Convention on the Rights of the Child. UN Secretary General Report. Child Marriage in West and Central Africa pp. Child Protection. Trafficking in Persons Prostitutes Lalupon Smuggling of Migrants. Trafficking in Persons Report pp. Washington DC: Department of State. Poverty and Equity. New Strategies to End Violence against Children.

Violence against Children. Home Journals Article. DOI: Abstract Across the Prostitutes Lalupon, and on daily basis, children are confronted with various forms of violence, which the international community strives to address, albeit unsuccessfully. Share and Cite:. Ifeakandu, I. Beijing Law Review10 Introduction International concerns regarding child trafficking, child labour, exploitation and other forms of violence against children have spanned decades, leading to the adoption of a myriad of counter measures—legal, institutional, and policy, amongst others.

Clarification of Concepts Prostitutes Lalupon. Definition of a Child Generally, there have been series of talks, negotiations, dialogues as well as concerns expressed over the dilemma facing children both in Nigeria and globally; but the question that often arises is, who is a Prostitutes Lalupon within the framework of law Prostitutes Lalupon policy?

Child Trafficking Child trafficking is a global phenomenon, which continues to grow Prostitutes Lalupon all odds Prostitutes Lalupon to the prevalence of push factors such as humanitarian crisis around the world, poverty, and exclusion amongst others UNODC, a. Child Trafficking, Exploitation and Violence as Usurpation of the Rights of the Child It is noteworthy that legislative, administrative and educational efforts have been undertaken to address child trafficking. Drivers of Child Vulnerabilities in Nigeria The apparent reality Prostitutes Lalupon the existence of poverty in Nigeria is not an exaggeration.

Child Rights Prostitutes Lalupon and the Human Rights Law Despite high prevalence of violence against children in Nigeria, they fail to attract the desired attention from government and those saddled with the responsibility to ensure their protection, particularly people who stand in fiduciary relationship to the child. Child Rights Protection and the Nigerian Criminal Justice System Issues relating to child justice administration-age of criminality, child assessment orders, trial, the Prostitutes Lalupon punishment and procedure for sentencing of children in Nigeria have been settled in the CRA ss.

International, Regional and National Efforts towards Child Rights Prostitutes Lalupon The fact that the phenomenon of child rights abuses is of international nature is indisputable.

Challenges of implementing the Child Rights Protection Measures in Nigeria The discourse about child protection under international and Nigerian human Prostitutes Lalupon clearly shows that several measures, including legal and institutional measures, have been adopted at international, regional and national levels to protect children.

Failure of legal measures to offer meaningful protection is due to a number of challenges highlighted below: 1 Principle of locus standi The principle of Prostitutes Lalupon standi is one of the many reasons that impede effective enforcement of the rights of children.

Recommendations In addition to the some recommendations made in the course of this discourse, some overarching recommendations are underscored below: a Prostitutes Lalupon achieve effective protection for children, government should adopt integrated efforts that; a engage media campaigns and advocacy for purposes of educating the public on victim identification indicators and Prostitutes Lalupon mechanisms; b tackle the root causes of trafficking and improve the situation of children at risk; c strengthen training programmes for law enforcement officials and parents; and d enhanced programmes on investigation, prosecution and conviction of people involved in abuse, trafficking, exploitation of children, and other vices against children.

Conclusion Violence against children Prostitutes Lalupon a phenomenon that should shame us all. Penal Prostitutes Lalupon. Criminal Code. Conflicts of Interest The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. References [ 1 ] Abe, M. Journals Menu.

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Contact us. All Rights Reserved. Abe, M. African Union Prostitutes Lalupon Agege, E. Ajah, B. Alemika, E. Antislavery International Bello, S. Bienen, H.

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Doifie Buokoribo, said in a statement that armed thugs loyal to the ruling party were on Prostitutes Lalupon loose in a number of communities throughout the polls, rigging for the party and intimidating APC members.

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Abstract Across the globe, and on daily basis, children are confronted with various forms of violence, which the international community strives to address, albeit unsuccessfully. International NGO Journal, 3,

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