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Freedom of the press and media is guaranteed by the Constitution of Lindenholt. For instance, when visiting a city, Prostitutes Lindenholt see the current city, but simultaneously we see the city through the eyes of important historical figures and events.

Such distinctions are allowed to be made when it comes to supplementary insurance policies, something which has led to controversies in the past. Prices for basic health insurance are set by the government, whilst the private sector can decide prices for additional services, coverage and benefits. For instance, basic health insurance only covers care within the Ventismar Union ; insurers offer world-wide insurance plans separately for a higher price.

Lindenholt has an average life expectancy of almost 82 years, which ranks it as one of the highest in the world. Conversely, the infant mortality rate is one of the lowest in the world, with 4 deaths in live births. Currently the principle cause of death Prostitutes Lindenholt due to malignant tumours and cancers, with cardiovascular diseases being a close second.

Obesity, while a serious problem in most of the developed world, has not seen as big a rise in Lindenholt over the past twenty years. In part due to an active culture and successful government programmes encouraging a healthy lifestyle. The Lindian constitution describes education as a "fundamental right to every person". All forms of education in Lindenholt are free of charge for students, and Prostitutes Lindenholt from ages four to sixteen are required to attend school.

Lindian schools not only focus on theoretical knowledge and students mastering Prostitutes Lindenholt skills, schools are also regarded as a place where children become well rounded adults that are capable of functioning in Lindian society.

The concept of learning at one's own pace and level is central to the Lindian education system. From age Prostitutes Lindenholt, students that will attend middle school are Prostitutes Lindenholt in to one of three differing academic levels.

Praktijk provides practically skilled students with a pre-vocational education for four years. Lyceum prepares Prostitutes Lindenholt to attend college after five years. Atheneum takes six years to complete and is meant to prepare gifted students for university. Most universities are open to the public, however all of them require an atheneum diploma or an equivalent to enrol.

Universities usually put their focus on academic achievements and research, whilst colleges are of a more practical character. Whereas a university student will graduate university through a thesis, college students usually graduate on the basis of an internship.

Despite the differences, both institutions award graduates with internationally recognised Bachelor's and Master's degrees. On average Lindian students spend around eighteen to nineteen years in school. On average these years will be divided as follows: two years in Prostitutes Lindenholt ageseight years in primary schoolfour, five or six years in middle school17 or 18 and three to four years in university, college or vocational education.

Archaeological records show that the area that is modern-day Prostitutes Lindenholt has been inhabited by humans for at least 40, years. It is evident that palaeolithic hunter-gatherer groups roamed the country during the last ice age, and settled the land around BC.

These groups built canoes to fish and traverse marshlands and rivers. Lindenholt's geography required canoes for travel, as sediments left by glaciers during previous ice ages left a flat, low-lying landscape dotted with shallow lakes and bogs. Modern humans were not the only inhabitants of Prostitutes Lindenholt however.

The first recorded humans in Lindenholt were the Homo Prostitutes Lindenholt. They inhabited Lindenholt during the late pleistocene era. Evidence suggests they intermingled with the later arriving modern humans and died out somewhere between the end of the ice ages and the introduction of agriculture.

It is widely believed that the overwhelming competition from modern humans is what drove the Homo Tilialis to their extinction. They brought agriculture and animal husbandry, which was quickly adopted by Prostitutes Lindenholt tribes and cultures. The advent of agriculture led to an increase in pottery.

Different cultures were distinguished by Prostitutes Lindenholt applied to pottery used to store Prostitutes Lindenholt, other crops and fluids. Prehistoric Lindians were milk drinkers and brewed alcoholic drinks such Prostitutes Lindenholt beer. Between and Prostitutes Lindenholt the Vrezen-culture started Prostitutes Lindenholt wealthy tribesmen in dolmen.

These grave monuments were constructed mainly on what is today the island of Sonnemonde due to the solid ground in comparison with peatlands surrounding it.

Evidence exists of early dolmen whose heavy megaliths had sunk in to the soft ground. Around fifty dolmen remain on the island, mainly as tourist attractions. Around BC an important trade route along the Sonae river brought bronze to Lindenholt, ushering in the bronze age. During the bronze age the country also saw a significant increase in population. The introduction of the oxen plough made cultivating the heavy clay soils possible which increased the food supply. Celtic tribes settled the heaths in the Prostitutes Lindenholt day province of Uilenbergen.

Archaeological excavations in the Uilenberger Heath show that the so-called Heath-culture introduced iron to Lindenholt, this marked the start of the iron age. Newly introduced metalworking allowed for the creation of Prostitutes Lindenholt quality tools; which in Prostitutes Lindenholt led to increased crop yields.

This allowed for a rise in population but also allowed for the number of people not involved in agriculture to Prostitutes Lindenholt. From BC onward trade and crafts developed, which led to the creation of the first urban centres. These urban centres were usually situated in areas beneficial for trade with other settlements and the countryside.

The earliest urban centres usually evolved from being market places and areas of commerce in to fully fledged settlements. Around BCE several of these settlements had reached a population of around a thousand. As attacks from raiders and hostile tribes were frequent, most urban areas were protected with wooden and earth Prostitutes Lindenholt. Settlements around the areas of SeigerbergBeutrecht and Elkenstad were founded by Germanic tribes in Prostitutes Lindenholt east of the country.

Celtic groups lay the foundations for cities Prostitutes Lindenholt as Reurink in the north east. Archaeologists have identified the remains of all the previously named settlements being completely or at least partially destroyed multiple times before the start of the Ilyesian Empireafter which the settlements survived in to the modern era. Despite Germanic tribes being in the majority, up until BC most wealth was in de hands of Celtic aristocrats. Attracted by their relative prosperity, Germanic tribes moved north to emigrate in to Celtic controlled territories.

Prostitutes Lindenholt several generations, Germanic tribesmen had taken over previously Celtic settlements. Effectively ending significant Celtic influence in pre-Ilyesian Lindenholt two centuries before the arrival of the Ilyesians. As Viking tribes in Allentyr were Prostitutes Lindenholt and assimilated, Prostitutes Lindenholt past centuries saw the decline of the Vikings.

This had brought about a steady increase in economic activity and population growth in Lindenholt and the broader Nordismar region. As the threat of Vikings was completely Prostitutes Lindenholt in the 11th century, Prostitutes Lindenholt seas and estuaries of northern Ventismar were once again safe for trade ships. The start of the high middle ages saw a brief period of peace.

In Lindenholt, the powerful class of warriors and mercenaries that had risen to combat the threat of Viking invasion now found themselves without much of a job.

As such they were integrated as knights in to the Lindian court culture, the so-called hofcultuur. Around this time, serfs which had been placed in positions of power and responsibility, the so-called ministerialiswere also integrated in to the court; often serving as knights. The period of peace led to an increase in economic activity which in turn led to a large and rapid growth in population.

This growth would prove unsustainable however, as farmland available for new serfs was running out and demand for food, trade goods and employment was growing. Largely unsettled bog lands, collectively called hoogveenfound primarily in the centre and Prostitutes Lindenholt east of the country provided the answer to these problems.

While work on reclaiming these areas for settlement and agriculture had started in the 9th century, the reclamation process was accelerated considerably in the 11th century. This was by and large due to the introduction of the modern iron plough. The iron plough, which replaced the ancient wooden ardallowed farmers to plough the heavier clay and peat soils of the hoogveen deeper Prostitutes Lindenholt was possible Prostitutes Lindenholt the ard.

Ploughing deeper improved the poor soil conditions and fertility of the reclaimed areas. While the introduction of the modern plough and adoption of the three-field crop rotation system made the reclaimed lands more habitable and fertile Prostitutes Lindenholt select crops, it had still not increased soil fertility to the point Prostitutes Lindenholt it could support the widespread cultivation of "bread grains", such Prostitutes Lindenholt wheat and rye.

Prostitutes Lindenholt reclaimed areas were suitable for the growing of oatsweeds, grass and barley. As a result, most of the hoogveen were primarily used for Prostitutes Lindenholt husbandry. As the reclaimed lands had no native population to speak of, a colonisation effort to populate these areas was necessary. Since the introduction of feudalism, serfs had been bound to the land where they were born. It was a common courtesy among fiefs and lords to extradite serfs that had moved or fled from the land they were bound to.

Many hoogveen fiefs would break this tradition, as they pledged that new settlers would Prostitutes Lindenholt be extradited to their previous lord, in addition to promising more liberties and a decreased tax burden. This was done in order to persuade serfs to settle the newly reclaimed parts of the country. The favourable laws in the hoogveen led to a mass exodus of farmers and serfs from all across the country to the reclaimed hoogveen.

Presented with the threat of losing their able bodied men, several lords and fiefs called for standardisation of feudal practices. This led to the Treaty of ElkenstadProstitutes Lindenholt all the fiefdoms of the Lindian Realm standardised their feudal practices. It did not bring much more liberty to the serfs as they were still bound to their lands. During the high middle ages other practices would also be standardised, the most notable of which were the establishment of the landscapes to collectively manage water defence works and the establishments of the Guldebond and Zilverbond to manage Prostitutes Lindenholt.

The Kreugel-Beutrecht war saw both parties destroy water management infrastructure around the Kreugel and Sonnae rivers. An already high water level and a storm coupled with weak water Prostitutes Lindenholt as a result of the war led to thousands drowning and extensive damage being done all along the path of the rivers. The worst victims of the flood were fiefdoms that had declared themselves neutral in the war. The aftermath of the war and flood saw the creation of the landscapes.

Instead of each of the fiefdoms being responsible for the maintenance Prostitutes Lindenholt their own water defences, this responsibility would from now on lie in the hands of at first 27 landscapes that encompassed the entire Lindian realm. Each had a collectively run council that was politically neutral and received contributions provided by the fiefs. Years of discontent with the Catholic church would prompt Martin Luthera member of the clergy, to write and post his 95 theses on the door of the cathedral of Ellijn in This event is widely recognised as the start of the reformation in Ventismar.

Throughout the 16th century Lindenholt would be a the centre of the reformation, being the home of religious groups such as Calvinism and Lutheranism.

Lindenholt - IIWiki

Despite Prostitutes Lindenholt a large world-wide Christian sect, Lutheranism never caught on in Lindenholt.

Reformatory ideas however did survive, and led to the establishment of Calvinism several decades later which did take hold, especially in the north of the country. Fed up with the discrimination that Calvinists had to endure, in the first beeldenstorm took place. Calvinists and other Protestants rose up in Lindenholt's major cities and defaced church property such as statues, murals and paintings.

Prostitutes Lindenholt days after the first beeldenstorm, groups of Protestants organised and moved to the countryside Prostitutes Lindenholt continue the destruction of church property there. What is notable about the first beeldenstorm is that a significant minority of rioters were well-off merchants primarily working in the lucrative textile trade. The fact that influential merchants participated in these events put mayors of major cities in a dilemma, as punishing rich traders Prostitutes Lindenholt significantly hurt the economy Prostitutes Lindenholt many cities which were dependent on the textile trade.

In the end, rioters in cities such as ArtwingenBeutrecht and Stokfort Prostitutes Lindenholt without punishment. These cities' tolerance towards Protestant sects also made them a hotbed for Protestant refugees from around the world, which led to an influx of successful non-Catholic merchants, scientists and artists. In Prostitutes Lindenholt cities, Prostitutes Lindenholt in the south, Protestants regardless of whether or not they had participated in Prostitutes Lindenholt beeldenstorm were sentenced Prostitutes Lindenholt death, most commonly by burning on the stake.

These harsh punishments were directly ordered by Prostitutes Lindenholt Fleuvien Emperorwho would also go to establish the Conseil des Troubles lit. Council of Troubles. This special tribunal convicted and punished heretics and their supporters. As they operated on direct orders of the Fleuvien Emperor, the council believed they had jurisdiction over the entirety of the Lindian Realm.

In however members of the council were denied entry in to the city of Artwingen by the city's mayor. That same year the Guldebond unanimously decided that none of its member cities within Prostitutes Lindenholt Lindian Realm would allow for the persecution of religious groups by the Council of Troubles. The events of resulted in the Fleuvien Emperor sending an army to Lindenholt in an effort to enforce the sentences of the council.

This act was seen as a breach of sovereignty by many of the Lindian states, and led to a diplomatic quarrel between the Empire and the Realm.

In however Imperial troops besieged Artwingen after being denied entry in to the city. This siege resulted in an actual heated battle, where the defenders of the city fired upon the besieging Imperial army. The Siege of Artwingen lasted for two months, during which Guldebond states Prostitutes Lindenholt an army of mercenaries that would liberate the city on 18 April of that year. Achttien april lit. Upon the surrender of the Fleuvien army, Prostitutes Lindenholt leaders of the Guldebond states convened in Beutrecht.

There they collectively Prostitutes Lindenholt their independence from the Fleuvien Empire. This declaration of independence, the Forswearing of Beutrechtlaunched the Fifteen Years' War that would lead to the creation of a united Lindian nation state. The period from to is Prostitutes Lindenholt by the stadtholdership of Charles V of Guildelewknown in Dutch as Karel Guldeleeuw. He was a member of a Lindian trader family that had familial connections to the throne of Capsland.

Guildelew was the youngest elected stadtholder in the Republic's existence, at 32 years of age. Five years in to Prostitutes Lindenholt term as stadtholder, Prostitutes LindenholtProstitutes Lindenholt King of Capsland had died without leaving a suitable heir to the throne. After a short interregnum period, lasting several months, the Capslandian parliament had decided to invite Karel Guldeleeuw to the Capslandian throne, citing his familial ties to the previous monarch and hoping to establish an alliance with the Lindian Republic to gain access to the Ophionese spice trade.

Guldeleeuw accepted the invitation, and was crowned King on July 8th He assumed the Anglicised name of Charles V of Guildelew, and formally founded the House of Guildelewwhose descendants have reigned over Capsland until the modern day.

Guildelew Prostitutes Lindenholt crowned King of Capsland during his term Prostitutes Lindenholt stadtholder of the Lindian Republic meant that effectively both nations were in a personal union.

Guildelew's reign was a difficult one from the start, as his opponents in Capsland saw him as a foreigner. His legitimacy was put to question continuously throughout his time on the throne.

Guildelew's lacking English further reinforced these sentiments. In his native Lindenholt numerous attempts were made to remove him from his position. All these attempts failed however, as the trader and merchant blocs within the States General would veto his removal on grounds of the beneficial Prostitutes Lindenholt relationship between the two countries. Despite the insubordinate, and sometimes even mutinous, behaviour of both Lindian and Capslandian rulers, the Cappo-Lindian Union would last until the death of Charles V of Guildelew in After his death, during the stadtholder elections ofWillem Verbeek was elected.

As he was unrelated to Guildelew he had no rights to the Capslandian throne; ending the Cappo-Lindian Union. Prostitutes Lindenholt after becoming stadtholder, Verbeek instituted reforms Prostitutes Lindenholt would no longer allow a stadtholder to hold a foreign royal title.

In Prostitutes Lindenholt ways Lindenholt saw advancements during the the Cappo-Lindian Union. The establishment of the Artwingen-Louis Investment Bankone of the oldest and still operating commercial banks in the world is often hailed as a great success of the period. Despite successes, scholars largely agree that split leadership and the opportunistic Prostitutes Lindenholt that developed during the Cappo-Lindian Union times eventually led to the decline of the Republic throughout the rest of the 18th century.

Prostitutes Lindenholt, Charles V Guildelew is remembered for bringing together Lindenholt and Capsland and forging an alliance that would last until the Prostitutes Lindenholt era. The geography of Lindenholt is Prostitutes Lindenholt flat, with the only discrepancies being in the south east part of the country, where the Ripuarian border area contains the foothills of the Horns mountain range. Here the hilly landscape is home to Sonnae river and Lindenholt's highest peak at metres.

Hills can also be found in Fresia and Heelde. These hills, not much higher than metres were formed by the ice sheets of the most recent ice age pushing on the land. Similar geographic features can be found in the province Prostitutes Lindenholt Uilenbergen in the east of the country. Here the Uilenberger Heaths were formed by push moraines of the second to last ice Prostitutes Lindenholt.

An other reminder of this event is the Uilenberger lake, which sits in the middle Prostitutes Lindenholt the heath. The formation of this lake can also be credited to movement of glaciers in the distant past. Most other areas of Lindenholt are low lying flat lands that rarely exceed 20 metres above sea level.

The Prostitutes Lindenholt of areas situated under sea level are areas drained from bodies of water; so-called polders. During the middle ages many lakes were drained in the eastern part of the country through the use of iconic windmill pumps. The advent of steam powered pumps allowed for land reclamation in the west of the country.

Here an intertidal zone formed a shallow body of water called the Westerseawith tidal flats and wetlands. Over the course of a century, Prostitutes Lindenholt 80, square kilometres of land was won, destined for agriculture; making Lindenholt an agricultural powerhouse.

Land reclamation was not limited to lakes and marshes however. The entire province of Meijerwaard is land completely drained over the course of fifty years. This massive project, starting after the first great warwas only finished in It added a further 40, square kilometres of land destined for Prostitutes Lindenholt. As is referenced by its name, the country used to be covered in woodlands Prostitutes Lindenholt forests. However, in modern times the country is much less forested than in its Prostitutes Lindenholt.

Urban uprisings. Graffiti and Street Art in Nijmegen 1980-2015

Most of the forests were cleared to make way for pastures and fields throughout the ages, the bulk of which happened during the industrial revolution. In order to relieve and help Prostitutes Lindenholt unemployed during the 's the government planned a great reforestation of the country, using the labour of the newly unemployed men.

The plan was to plant three million hectares of forest on pastures Prostitutes Lindenholt fields that were no longer in use due to the economic downturn. Although the plans never fully came to fruition, as around 1 million hectares of forest was planted. The vast majority of forests present in the country today were planted during that time, and are thus artificial. Lindenholt has a mild sea climate where extreme conditions are either non-existent or very rare.

Temperatures seldom rise above thirty degrees and rarely drop below degrees Celsius. Rain is very frequent in all seasons, and snow is often a rare sight during winters, even if temperatures are frigid. The geographical latitude of Lindenholt plays a Prostitutes Lindenholt in the amount Prostitutes Lindenholt sunlight received which varies by month. In December the nation receives about seven hours of sunlight Prostitutes Lindenholt in the summer months it can receive Prostitutes Lindenholt to Prostitutes Lindenholt hours of sunlight.

The Kingdom of Lindenholt is divided in to thirteen provinceseach of which is divided in to a varying number of landscapes. In total there are 86 landscapes with an additional governing body over-sea-scape for the Maximillian Islandsraising the number to In turn, each landscape is divided in to a differing amount of municipalities.

In total there are municipalities in Lindenholt. Lindenholt is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy, meaning that the main legislative powers fall in to the hands of the parliament, which is called the States General Dutch: Staten Generaal. It is a unicameral assembly with representatives that are elected via party-list proportional voting. The States General convenes at the Bewindshof in Artwingen.

Members of Prostitutes Lindenholt can all propose and vote on proposed legislation and motions, which pass voting when a simple majority is reached. Parliamentary elections are held every four years, Prostitutes Lindenholt a sitting cabinet resigns or when a cabinet Prostitutes Lindenholt removed through a motion of no-confidence. Candidates for a Prostitutes Lindenholt seat are put on a ballot list, and elected according to the d'Hondt method. After elections, the largest party can choose to form a coalition and a cabinet in a process called formatie in order to form a government.

Lindenholt has a multiparty system, and an outright majority by any party has never occurred in Lindian parliamentary history. Once a new parliament goes in to Prostitutes Lindenholt, members Prostitutes Lindenholt parliament can vote to elect members to the Prostitutes Lindenholtwhich includes the speaker.

Each party can put forward two candidates for each of the eighteen available positions, after which members of parliament can vote until Prostitutes Lindenholt are only two candidates Prostitutes Lindenholt for each of the eighteen positions. At this point, a coin flip decides which candidate will be awarded the position.

Unlike in other countries, Prostitutes Lindenholt of the parliamentary Presidium retain their status as member of parliament, however they are barred from taking a part in debates whilst exercising their Presidium Prostitutes Lindenholt. Currently, there are seven parties represented in the Lindian parliament. These parties range from the left to the right in their political ideologies, with their position in parliament symbolising their political stance.

While Lindenholt has always been a multiparty democracy, it was only after the pillarisation of Lindian society Prostitutes Lindenholt such a wide variety of Prostitutes Lindenholt ideologies were represented in the States General. A small, yet adequately represented party was the Liberal People's Party which, at the time, was a classical liberal party.

During pillarisation, all parties had a loyal and well entrenched voting base, meaning that election results were always roughly the same. The first large shift in Lindian politics happened inwhen members from the Liberal People's Party split off to form their own, centrist political party, the Union of Democrats.

In the Prostitutes Lindenholt elections the UVD managed to rally students and other social liberals to take part in the elections. Up until the 's, Lindenholt would be led by coalition governments of the Lindian Labourers Party and the Union of Democrats. The time period from is known as the Steegmans-era, where LAP prime minister Albert Steegmans was the longest serving prime Prostitutes Lindenholt in Lindian history.

It was during this time that the LAP switched from being a traditional social democratic party, campaigning solely for worker's rights and left wing economics, to being a contemporary social democratic party that also fought for civil rights and socially left Prostitutes Lindenholt ideals.

Another major shift in the political landscape came inwhen the two largest Christian democratic parties UVK and GSP merged to form a united Christian democratic party. Lindian society had gotten less religious since the 's, when both Christian democratic parties were in charge, and the leaderships of both parties realised that a single party had a greater chance of winning elections. Inwhen the UVD Prostitutes Lindenholt decided they would increase the retirement age from 65 to 67, the V'04 party split.

While some Prostitutes Lindenholt conservatives within the party deemed it to be a necessary step in austerity, a somewhat more populist wing of the party decided to split off to form the United Seniors VS party, which evolved from a one-issue political movement to a fully fledged right wing populist party.

Officially the Council of Ministers, or simply the cabinet, is the main executive body of the Lindian government. Its members consist out of ministers, secretaries, the vice premier and the prime minister.

In most circumstances members of the cabinet are elected members of parliament, however the separation of powers in the Lindian constitution prevents MPs from holding cabinet positions. Thus, members of the cabinet temporarily cede their seat to their political party, which selects a member from the party list to fill the minister's seat. Prostitutes Lindenholt current cabinet has a total of x ministries that are headed by an equal number of ministers.

In addition to the ministers, there are also secretaries which are the head of a secretariat. They take over certain portfolios from their overarching ministry. With the vice premier and prime minister taken Prostitutes Lindenholt to account, the currently sitting Tulpen I cabinet has x members from three parties. Lindenholt is a constitutional monarchy were the role of the monarch is described by the constitution. The constitution stipulates that the monarch enjoys individual ministerial responsibility, meaning that they cannot be held responsible for their actions.

While the government operates in name of the monarch, neither the King nor any member of the royal house hold any political power. In fact, members of the royal house are bound to political neutrality by law. Nowadays the monarchy functions as a national symbol with the aim of playing a unifying role within Lindian society. Members of the royal house often participate in charity events and Prostitutes Lindenholt Lindenholt in international gatherings. The current King's brother is the chairman of the Lindian Cancer Society, while his mother has been a long time member of the World Autism Fund.

Lindenholt is a unitary state made up of thirteen provinces. The provinces are an administrative layer between the national government and landscapes. Prostitutes Lindenholt provincial governments deal with matters such as Prostitutes Lindenholt planning, energy, environmental protection, the regional economy and cultural affairs. Elections for provincial councils are held every four years, with political parties represented on the national level being the most represented. The 86 landscapes of Lindenholt provide areas of the country with more local governance.

Where the provinces deal with broad affairs, the landscapes are tasked with issues such as public transport, water management, welfare, agriculture, waste collection, and regional infrastructure. The Prostitutes Lindenholt layer closest to the national government in the Maximilian Islands is the Prostitutes Lindenholt Governing Body, though often colloquially Prostitutes Lindenholt the "Over-sea-scape" Overzeeschapas the body functions indistinguishably from a landscape.

With the exception that it also takes over roles normally assigned to a provincial government. Municipalities are the most local public body of Prostitutes Lindenholt.

Most urban areas fall under a single municipality, with larger cities consisting out of multiple. In rural areas several villages may band together as a municipality.

In Nijmegen, these laws focus on sixty one topics. Most of these topics are explained as forbidden or requiring a license. A license basically means paying an amount of money. The General Municipal Ordinance Laws do not speak of the right for citizens for an environment that is inclusive for all habitants and that Prostitutes Lindenholt as peaceful as possible.

When it comes to advertising, they merely speak of commercials in written or printed form as requiring a license. They do not speak of written or printed or sprayed, painted, etc advertisements that promote, for example, peace, solidarity, or happiness, or advertisements that raise critical questions about society or that display disapproval for violence, hatred, etc.

When these laws mention the prohibition Prostitutes Lindenholt pollution of the surroundings, they refer to soil, the road, and other surroundings, like water. But what about the social environment? What about the pollution of peaceful quiet areas by the optical violence of excessive advertisements? The World Charter for the Right to the City seems to include so many rights—to cultural memory, telecommunications, retraining, day care, the removal of architectural barriers, and so forth—that the right to the Prostitutes Lindenholt seems to be at Prostitutes Lindenholt same time everything and nothing.

What follows from this is the next concept to define: urban common space. A possible definition for this concept is as follows: a Prostitutes Lindenholt within a city that is for public use and collective possession and belongs to the public authority or to society as Prostitutes Lindenholt whole — for example, spaces for circulation such as a street or a squarespaces for leisure and recreation such as an urban park or a gardenspaces for contemplation such as a waterfallor spaces designated for preservation or conservation 10 D.

Harley Rebel Cities. From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution. London: Verso. University of Washington. P 14 M. Purcell Excavating Lefevbre: the right to the city and its urban politics of the inhabitant. The Netherlands: Kluwer Akademic Publishers. In all of these cases, the right to free access and movement is guaranteed to everybody.

It is often used as a plural; not one space but spaces. Several different academics have defined this concept. In the city of Nijmegen, especially the city center, we can also see a Prostitutes Lindenholt of advertisements and shops. Yet certain phenomena also appear, be it scarcely or small, that break this paradigm. Such phenomena are, for example, demonstrations, protests, graffiti and street art. In summary, we are dealing with the frameworks of the city, the right Prostitutes Lindenholt the city, and urban common space.

In order to grasp how graffiti and street art influenced and still influence these frameworks, we need to go even deeper into the concepts of space, place, and non-place. If we understand the different dynamics behind the materiality of geographical areas, then we can look at the topic of this thesis Prostitutes Lindenholt a strategic lens.

Relationship between citizenship and space, place, and non-place Under the current law, graffiti and street art are merely identified as vandalism. When actually analyzing at a deeper level what places, spaces, and non-places are, we can see how the city, the right to the city, and urban common space are interlinked.

Following that, we can see how they have a revolutionary potential, together with the political aesthetics of graffiti and street art, to create a 15 O. Licensed by Creative Commons Brasil. Citizenship is another concept that can mean many different things. There are many ways to look at, interpret, and use space, place, and non-place.

These three had in common that they put emphasis on the human Prostitutes Lindenholt that is connected to spaces, places, and non-places. Prostitutes Lindenholt practices link place, space, and non-place together in the domain of the city. So it is rather pointless making an effort to define these concepts in an isolated manner; as if spaces, places, and non-places exist autonomously.

The surroundings of a city are used in different ways by several agents. Space is not merely a physical space, Prostitutes Lindenholt a production of the meanings that people ascribe to this place.

Lefebvre sees space as a subdivision of perceived, Prostitutes Lindenholt, and lived space. The third dimension of space is how space is actually used and experienced in practice by people: lived space. This dimension deals in a holistic way with communication in society.

P 19 M. Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity. Translated by D. This Prostitutes Lindenholt is perceived space in the sense that is a configuration of walls, floors, doors, corridors, etcetera. It is conceived space because it was meant to be Prostitutes Lindenholt school, an apartment flat or a shop etcetera. It is lived space, because people choose to use it as shelter for refugees, as a squatting place, etcetera. At this point, it becomes clear that graffiti and street art are part of perceived place because they are paint Prostitutes Lindenholt other media on surfaces, they are vandalism or a commercial tool within the parameters of conceived space and Prostitutes Lindenholt can be potentially everything in the dynamics of lived space.

There is yet another dynamic in urban areas and that brings us to this question: what is a non-place? If a place can be defined as relational, historical and concerned with identity, then a space which cannot be defined as relational, or historical, or concerned with identity will be a Prostitutes Lindenholt place.

The hypothesis advanced here is that supermodernity produces non-places, meaning spaces which are not themselves anthropological places and which unlike Baudelairean modernity, do not integrate the earlier places: instead these are listed, classified, Prostitutes Lindenholt to the status of 'places of memory', and assigned to a circumscribed and specific position.

It is important to notice that the only forms of communication in non-places are advertisements. So non-places are in way Prostitutes Lindenholt of capital. But non-places can change Prostitutes Lindenholt people start interacting with them in ways that exceed in forms of communication. Graffiti and street art can play a part in this transformation. An interesting example of this transformation of non-places is the installation of public pianos on train stations. The train station becomes a place of meetings, of music, of artists, of audiences.

To summarize again at this point: this thesis will be concerned with the city of Nijmegen and how graffiti and street art influenced the urban common area in the time scope of The city of Nijmegen is a site of places, spaces perceived, conceived and livedand non-places.

The people of Nijmegen Prostitutes Lindenholt with these places, spaces, and non-places and they also deal with the notion of the right to the city. Graffiti and street art are created by people, but graffiti and street art also are observed, admired and demolished by people. Human practices and politics are always involved in this research.

Thesis structure In order to research the significance and meaning of graffiti and street art at a certain place in a certain time period, a proper understanding of this dialectic proces, and of the combined methods of 25 M. It is the foundation on which the research, and therefore its conclusions, rests.

Shed under this light, the main research question of this thesis is: In Prostitutes Lindenholt ways was the urban common space in Nijmegen affected by graffiti and Prostitutes Lindenholt art from to ?

In this master thesis, we can distinguish Prostitutes Lindenholt parameters. First, the graffiti and street art, which is a parameter revolving around the ontological friction that deals with the oscillating tension between crime, art, and activism. It is noteworthy that this particular subject has only Prostitutes Lindenholt fallen under the purview of academic research.

Second, the city of Nijmegen is the physical parameter in which the graffiti and street art are situated. Both the dynamics of Prostitutes Lindenholt cities in general, as well as particularly Nijmegen are important in Prostitutes Lindenholt regard. Finally, there is the timely parameter of the period ofwhich is enough time to allow the subject of graffiti and street art to transform.

Within the three parameters several dimensions play Prostitutes Lindenholt part. These dimensions form the basis for the chapters of this thesis and their complementary subsidiary questions. Prostitutes Lindenholt first chapter deals with language in text and image. After that, the third chapter is all about the dynamics of urban spatiality by answering in what way graffiti and street art deal with ownership and value of spaces Prostitutes Lindenholt Nijmegen.

Finally, the fourth chapter will have memory as the common thread and will shed light on this subsidiary question: 'In which ways are graffiti and street art remembered, conserved, removed and rewarded? Previous academic research on this topic Even though academic research on graffiti and street Prostitutes Lindenholt is far from abundant, some Prostitutes Lindenholt remarks have been made.

I have constructed a specific framework in which I situate both theory and practice. But is also important to have certain background information on which this framework rests. A few citations from academic sources help to provide this background: Street art, c.

For graffiti writing not only confronts and resists an urban environment of fractured communities and segregated spaces; it actively constructs alternatives to these arrangements as well.

Georgetown University. Pre-press version of Prostitutes Lindenholt chapter in The Handbook of Visual Culture, ed. Barry Sandywell and Ian Heywood. P2 28 K. Gleaton Power to the People. Street Art as an Agency for Change. A project submitted to the faculty of the graduate school of the University of Minnesota. Prostitutes Lindenholt partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Liberal Studies. Lachmann Graffiti as Career and Ideology.

The University of Chicago Press. Such academics citations are illustrative Prostitutes Lindenholt the complex dynamics of graffiti and street art. An analysis of graffiti on the urban environment can serve as an excellent tool in understanding behavior, attitudes and social processes of certain segments of society. The thematic content of graffiti can provide valuable information on Prostitutes Lindenholt groups that are not often in public view in the urban environment.

Subcultures in our society that have gone against the normative values that the dominant culture has laid out have been overshadowed Prostitutes Lindenholt the practices of popular culture. The following citation describes the tension between crime and art: It is worth noting that vandalism and art are defined as opposites destruction versus creationyet can also be seen as different forms of transgression.

While vandalism transgresses the law, art is often defined by a poetic license to transgress aesthetic boundaries. However, a key difference between graffiti and legal public artworks is that Prostitutes Lindenholt latter are rarely transgressive. Just as the changing economic function and ownership of graffiti and street art, as is shown in this quotation: Aesthetic discipline around who is allowed to initiate projects in the public sphere and who is not, tied to common conceptions of race, class, gender and youth.

However, the incorporation of graffiti into high art markets, and as a marketing tool for everything Prostitutes Lindenholt sodas to video games, also reveals the remarkable flexibility of neoliberalism to incorporate insurgent elements, even if only to a partial degree.

Urban Graffiti on the Urban Landscape. University of Southern Prostitutes Lindenholt, Department of Geography. Dovey, S. Wollan, I. Dickinson The Prostitutes Lindenholt of space, race and Prostitutes Lindenholt.

Sage Publications. The concept of liminality is related both to physical space and to identity, or social space. As a physical or conceptual realm, the marginal affords the Prostitutes Lindenholt of space, an idea especially relevant for street artists.

While some artists choose spaces that lie on the periphery of a city, many work in the city core - amidst otherwise mainstream uses of space. When it comes to the specific site of the city of Nijmegen in this regard, academic sources are very difficult to find. Therefore, this thesis aims to contribute to the already existing body of knowledge. It offers a specific focus on graffiti and street art in Nijmegen, which Prostitutes Lindenholt a topic that has up until now received scarce attention.

A lot has happened in Nijmegen when it comes to graffiti and street art. These videos, archives and interviews, as well as photographs I took myself, provide Prostitutes Lindenholt extensive Prostitutes Lindenholt with which theory can be woven into an understanding of this fascinating phenomenon.

My own position in this field As an academic researcher, it is better to not have the illusion that one is able to be fully objective. This is simply impossible. Furthermore, researchers need to be mindful of the fact that in isolating a particular topic for their research they are themselves creating an artificial situation, for no work exists in isolation. So Prostitutes Lindenholt be able to make a proper analysis, one is required to try to take into account as much influences as possible that relate to this particular topic.

Nijmegen is the city I was born and raised in. I feel very connected to this city, its proclivity for left wing policies, the university, the culture, and its inhabitants.

When I stroll through my city streets, I am always happy to see graffiti and Prostitutes Lindenholt art. It Prostitutes Lindenholt me and I wish to more fully understand and illuminate its significance.

I strongly feel a form of Prostitutes Lindenholt that I do not fully 34 A. Concordia University, Department of Art History.

I even tried to do some street art myself, using chalk, and later spray cans and markers. Photo by author in April Prostitutes Lindenholt is my position on a highly personal level. On the level of me being a student of Creative Industries, the graffiti and street art in Nijmegen are a very interesting topic.

The process of glocalization is indicative of the tendencies that exist within many industries and art worlds. Prostitutes Lindenholt and street art are media that can serve many different purposes. National Art Education Association.

These squatters tried to prevent the demolition of lower class housing in the Piersonstraat to make room for a parking garage. On February 27th, this culminated in the biggest protest in the history of Nijmegen: approximately police officers were called in to deal with the protestors. The severity of Prostitutes Lindenholt protests were such that the police used tear gas, tanks, and helicopters to deal with the protestors. In chapters one and four, I will go into this topic.

This type of agency visible in urban common space is highly articulated as being political, responding to council policy. But graffiti Prostitutes Lindenholt street art can also function with subtler messages. They can be political in an indirect way; communicating differentiation in the performance of identity, displaying innovation within language by the means of innovating typography, displaying a paradigm of sharing and DIY sentiments, appropriating spaces that were otherwise used for advertisements, experiment with the materiality of city surfaces, to name a few.

The significance of graffiti and street art in Nijmegen knows many faces. It is important to distinguish the difference between graffiti and street art. The exact 36 L. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.

Scholarly Commons. It is possible to situate them both in a very large historical timeframe; dating back to cave paintings, Egyptian hieroglyphs, Prostitutes Lindenholt cuneiform, political wall messages in ancient Greece and Rome, and so on.

I will go deeper into the differences, similarities and significance of graffiti and street art in the chapters of this thesis. Graffiti, derived from the Latin graffitio I scratch, I Prostitutes Lindenholtis all about Prostitutes Lindenholt written letter. This tag is then written all over specific sites in a city, like a marker of existence. Tags will be further examined in the first chapter.

Prostitutes Lindenholt activity of writing your tag on as many places in a city as possible is called bombing, a term coined by graffiti writers in cities like New York in the s. When a graffiti writer does this, it is called getting up. This phenomenon quickly travelled to Europe.

Examples of graffiti tags in the streets of Nijmegen in the s can be seen in local newspapers: 39 S. Chapter 1: Visualizing the Body Politic. Indiana University Press. P52 40 Ibidem. These zines were handwritten and would be sent to one another through mail read: mail, not email! An Prostitutes Lindenholt of such a zine that also circulated in Nijmegen is Freestyle. Freestyle contains works of, amongst others, and Marty. This is a tag that is big, vibrant and colorful.

The individual letters are broken up and build again in unique ways. Chapter one will also dive deeper into pieces. Graffiti communication could travel much faster around the Prostitutes Lindenholt it was not confined to a particular place anymore. Graffiti became part of skate and hiphop subcultures.

It was not merely about spreading your name across cities anymore, it was about something bigger. They started to use different materials and techniques, such as stickers, stencils, posters, etc. Not just the written letter was used, but also imagery and icons. Another general difference is that writers often wish to remain in the realms of the street, while artists also choose to participate in expositions or do commissioned Prostitutes Lindenholt for individuals, institutions, and companies.

These movements, or developments if you will, are thus the locus of my thesis. Following that, I put forward the acceptance of street art not graffiti by companies and council asks for a certain responsibility to use street art in a way that benefits urban common space. Graffiti and street are possible tools for agency in that realm. As was mentioned in the beginning of this introduction, writing is an existential activity that carries meaning and significance on its own.

Writing in urban common space therefore deals with the existence of us all, regardless of what we think of the legitimacy and aesthetics of such writings. With this thesis I dive into a highly complex yet ubiquitous subject. I do not believe I Prostitutes Lindenholt able to find one single narrative thread that links all the writings on the walls of Nijmegen.

Prostitutes Lindenholt am convinced however, that I will distinguish certain motifs recurring themes and approach the writings from several different angles in order to construct conclusions that are relevant for the several disciplines in an overarching manner.

Furthermore, graffiti and street art deserve a proper and Prostitutes Lindenholt research, for they embody soundless voices that are all too easily overlooked and overheard. Finally, this thesis can be used for touristic purposes in the city of Nijmegen. The graffiti and street art in Nijmegen have a certain character and this is an attractive feature for the new wave of Prostitutes Lindenholt, such as young backpackers who are interested in local art and culture. Let us start with the Prostitutes Lindenholt itself, Prostitutes Lindenholt both words Prostitutes Lindenholt imagery… 45 H.

Marcuse Repressive Tolerance. Photo taken by author.

Boerensport Klasse - Trekkertrek Dirksland 2015 - Tractorpulling

A unicorn stencil. The photographs at the start of this chapter, show that in thirty-five years a complex language has been created in Nijmegen, which has simultaneously Prostitutes Lindenholt and Prostitutes Lindenholt similar. Prostitutes Lindenholt pictures show tags, symbolic imagery, protest sentences and poetry. They illustrate that graffiti and street art are intertwined. This chapter deals with the language in text and image in the urban common space in Nijmegen over the last thirty-five years.

Sources for answers to this question are academic works, archives of graffiti writers and street artists, interviews with writers and artists, Youtube videos, and the council archive. When I write about the current writers and artists, I use their Prostitutes Lindenholt created names. The structure that makes the answers to this sub question coherent is as follows. We will explore tags, pieces, stencils, icons, political activist sentences, and brands that can be found in the field of graffiti and street art in Nijmegen.

The function of these communications for the writer s and the audience will be examined. These forms of expressions are related to complex concepts like identity and protest. The performance of identity either individual or communal and political activism via the use of these forms of expressions is examined in this chapter.

Cultural and identity performance In his exposition of the elements of performance Alexander b: defines cultural performance Prostitutes Lindenholt the social process by which actors, individually or in concert, display for others the meaning of the social situation. This meaning may or may not be one to which they themselves consciously adhere; it is the meaning that they, as social actors, consciously or unconsciously wish to have others believe.

In order for their display to be effective, Prostitutes Lindenholt must offer a plausible performance, one that leads those to whom their actions and gestures are directed to accept their motives and explanations as a reasonable account.

In this context, identity is not something you are or have, rather it something you Prostitutes Lindenholt. Woodward Understanding Material Culture.

London: Sage Publications. The perspective of identity as a continuous flow of constructs was used to explain gender identity by philosophers like Judith Butler. Political activism Prostitutes Lindenholt just as much an act of performance. With the mobilization of people through among other things graffiti, a certain group identity of protest is performed.

The expressions of graffiti and street art have complex characteristics, such as the value of Prostitutes Lindenholt name and the impact of a protest. To make this more concrete and tangible, we will examine particular examples that are documented in photography and video. As was stated in Prostitutes Lindenholt introduction, graffiti writing starts with a tag and evolves into a piece. So let us begin with that often very quickly scribbled down, but endlessly repeated phenomenon of the tag.

Tags in Nijmegen in the 80s A tag, nowadays also applied on Facebook to mark the identity of the face on a photograph, is in this context the name of a Prostitutes Lindenholt placed in urban common space. It is customary that a name is given to people at their birth by parents or caretakers, but one can also name oneself later on in life. Tags are therefore intrinsically linked to the performance of identity. Diamond Performance and Cultural Politics. Is it Prostitutes Lindenholt interesting that the same phenomenon occurred in New York and Nijmegen, and in many other cities all over the world?

A graffiti witer from Nijmegen Prostitutes Lindenholt a Prostitutes Lindenholt in the s. A possible link between these phenomena in Prostitutes Lindenholt same decade is the similarity between the poverty- and unemployment rates in both USA and Europe, including the Netherlands.

An Prostitutes Lindenholt recession impoverished citizens in the eighties; unemployment increased. This is shown in the two graphs below.

Important to note is that poverty is often concentrated in urban areas, as is the case in this decade. University of Pennsylvania. Posted by Scholarly Commons.

City centers, contrasted by their poorer peripheries, are for a large part places for commerce. In that sense, a part of society was excluded from those places.

Response to Get local prostitutes in your area! Jan 5, At 12/29/12 AM, Yert wrote: A site called Potential Prostitutes allows anyone to anonymously upload any woman's photo and contact information, then publicly accuses them of prostitution. They demand $ from each woman to take the listing off their site. Prostitution is legal in Canada, most all of Europe including England, France, Wales, Denmark and most of South America including Mexico, Brazil, Israel, Australia, and many other countries. It is either legal or very tolerated in most all of Asia and even Iran has “temporary wives” which can be for only a few hours! New Zealand passed in.

The conceived space of the city center a clean area for work and commerce differs Prostitutes Lindenholt the lived space filled with tags. An explanation of the appearance of tags in city centers is a response to this exclusion; a reinstatement of individuals in this space. Brighenti At The Prostitutes Lindenholt. Union College, New York. In orange: the unemployed populas. In yellow: the percentage of unemployment. Left: recession of eighties.

But there is more to be said about the eighties in Nijmegen, apart from tags. Nowadays, social virtual media can be used to organise protests and to create awareness for social causes. In the eighties, the internet was not a normalized tool for communication as it is today; it was barely accesisble. This type of communication is vital because of its ability to link people [together] regardless of cultural, lingual, or racial differences in ways that nothing else can.

As explained in the introduction, the social rent houses at the Pierson street were squatted by a group of activists who protested against their demolition and thus prevented Prostitutes Lindenholt creation of parking spaces. The activists demonstrated for the value of housing; showing that housing was Prostitutes Lindenholt important than the ability to park a car in order to go shopping in the city centre. Their protest was visible on several walls.

This quickly spiralled out of control and the council attempted to force the squatters to leave in February of that year.

The citizens of Nijmegen reacted to this violence and started to protest. I will show the importance of this event for the subject of the language of graffiti through photographs and documents from the city council. Let us begin with the fact that the Prostitutes Lindenholt changed the name of the squatted area and made this visible.

This is a form of appropriation and a performance of claimed ownership by a group Prostitutes Lindenholt people. Source: Pierson website.

Unadulterated creative expression that can occur at any time in any space is in direct opposition to those with authority, especially if its message is one that speaks out against or criticizes this authority. Source: Council Archive. Nijmegen, Many protest sentences on the wall and on banners. The council of Nijmegen responded to these acts of squatting; several attemps were made for voluntary evacuation.

It reads: Here follows a warning from the major of Nijmegen. Every effort in the form of dialogue to reach evacuation of the squatted Piersonstraat and Karregas, has failed. That is why the execution of the evacuation with Prostitutes Lindenholt strong arm of the Prostitutes Lindenholt will be realised. The police will start an action with Prostitutes Lindenholt purpose to evacuate the buildings and destroy the barricades.

Only if resistance, or passive resistance, is shown, violent action will be the response. If Molotov cocktails, burning Prostitutes Lindenholt or similar kinds are Prostitutes Lindenholt, the police will be forced to shoot. It is life threatening to be on or near the barricades. Remove yourselves from the roofs and the barricades. Again 1 do not use violence 2 do not throw with Molotov cocktails, burning bottles or similar kinds and 3 remove yourselves.

The major. The squatters did not leave voluntarily and this culminated in the biggest protest in the history of the Netherlands. The severity of this protest is shown in the Prostitutes Lindenholt following pictures. Prostitutes Lindenholt Pierson Website.

Tank and Riot Control officers force the squatters out of the houses. Piersonstraat, Nijmegen. February Another example of the tanks that the council used against their own citizens.

In Februarythese squatted streets in Nijmegen were zones of serious conflict. Graffiti Prostitutes Lindenholt on many places of conflict in the world, for example the West Bank in Palestina and Israel. The squatters did not cave and gained support from the citizens. This is shown in the following two pictures: 64 S. Citizens of Nijmegen protesting against the police violence and symphatising with the squatters, visible at the the background of the picture.

Citizens of Nijmegen protesting. Protest Prostitutes Lindenholt the police violence also occurred in the form of graffiti. In the fourth chapter I will come back to the iconic image of Prostitutes Lindenholt Riot Control officer, which still is visible in the Piersonstreet. Other graffiti was put on walls in that area after the riots, such as is portrayed in the photograph below. The Prostitutes Lindenholt were considered criminals by the law, but they received a lot of support from the inhabitants of Nijmegen.

Prostitutes Lindenholt visual protest icons and sentences displayed a resistance to council policy. The fact that the squatters used graffiti to perform this vocabulary to their actions is crucial. For the squatters, graffiti functioned as a medium through which they could perform an Prostitutes Lindenholt of a counter movement. For the audience, in this case both the citizens of Nijmegen and the city council, the graffiti had the function of visualizing the presence of this counter movement identity.

It also resulted in gaining sympathy and Prostitutes Lindenholt from citizens, while simultaneously pushing the dialogue with the council to a much more extreme nature. Current tagging in Nijmegen Moving away from the activist graffiti, but still lingering a little at the phenomenon of the tag, it is interesting to note that tags are still Prostitutes Lindenholt down in Nijmegen, though not as much as in the eighties.

The writer shows this by also adding a drawing of this light carrier Prostitutes Lindenholt the composition of the tag. In an interview, TL informed me about the motivation behind writing this tag in Nijmegen. The luminescent tube is a happy image, and it gave me pleasure to give happiness to people who would see this tag appear on many places. Another reason for me to tag is to literally and figuratively brighten up the city, which is so grey and dull.

And people should realise that the city belongs to everyone, and tagging is a way of showing that. In this case, a certain identity of hope is performed by the TL tag. Instead of a cryptic coded name, we see an actual light tube, which is laughing at the audience. This tag is perhaps a bridge Prostitutes Lindenholt graffiti and street art. Picture taken by TL. See Appendix. Picture taken by author.

Is it meant as a prophecy, that in the year things will happen? Or is it just a joke to make people guess? Just as TL, nowadays can be found all over the city centre and the peripheries. Some tags are Prostitutes Lindenholt by crews, rather than individuals. Photo taken by These individual anonymous writers are actual inhabitants who belong to certain groups. TL for example is a recent graduate. De Imker is an actual beekeeper, MeerLiefde a drop out philosophy student who Prostitutes Lindenholt lives in a self-sustaining community in northern Spain but Prostitutes Lindenholt back to Nijmegen every once in a while.

They also meet up with writers and artists who live in other cities of the Netherlands, Europe and Prostitutes Lindenholt over the world. This social network is maintained by public events like exhibitions but also informal meetings. An example of an Prostitutes Lindenholt in Nijmegen where this subculture finds official expression was Verfslag Paint Battle. Verfbaar Prostitutes Lindenholt a small community of writers and artists from Nijmegen and sometimes other Prostitutes Lindenholt as well; it is not Prostitutes Lindenholt clear who belongs to it, for this differs per event and artwork.

Often the artists and writers that are discussed in this chapter are part of it. In the right low corner of the photo the Verfbaar tag is visible. Art from Verfbaar with standing next to it.

Performance through graffiti and street art Through the Prostitutes Lindenholt of tags individual identities are performed, while through the writing of crew names and the gatherings of such crews communal identities are performed.

This performance is acted out, not only by names expressed in letters, but also by a certain visual style. In the image of the Berenkuil, the iconic individual style of is shown on the left, for example. Why would writers and crews wish to perform their identity at all? The possible link between social exclusion and graffiti has been mentioned.

On a more meta-level, why do such performances exist? Branding This process of performances can stretch further than tags and crew names. Writers are concerned more so with branding as opposed to personal identity, and re-inscribing the city, which they accomplish through mass coverage as well Prostitutes Lindenholt style. Written Prostitutes Lindenholt a classical primary school handwriting, this statement is omnipresent in the urban common space of Nijmegen. De Imker who will be analysed later in this chapter reacted to Meer Liefde in these particular dialogues.

De Imker copied this style, but adapted the message. People who passed by were surprised by the contradictory messages. Prostitutes Lindenholt such cases, the act of public dialogue is performed by copying and adapting. Such performances also carry a certain potential for agency, for they have the ability to transform non-places into lived places. Bridge St Anna Street, Photo taken by De Imker. Meer Gramschap. More Wrath. This particular MeerLiefde style is recognisable, even if the writer performs it Prostitutes Lindenholt a different environment or Prostitutes Lindenholt.

The analogy is apparent: the city needs more love, while the exhibition needs more paint. Photo taken by Elleke Theunissen. In the second chapter I will explore Prostitutes Lindenholt function of the different kind of materials, such as spray cans and stencils, Prostitutes Lindenholt are used in graffiti and street art.

In this chapter however, the communicated language itself is the point Prostitutes Lindenholt focus. The photograph on the next page shows De Imker icon on a building of which it is unclear to whom it belongs. It is not accesible for public use. Because the writer is an actual be keeper, the language works in a reciprocal manner; the word, the image and the performed identity actually refer to each other. The audience therefore, in a way, sees the constructed identity of the artist, even though the face is hidden.

For this artist, bee keeping is also a philosophical activity that reflects societal dynamics. Even though bees seem a nuisance to most people, they are necessary for the pollination of the crops that feed us. To see the beekeeper in urban common space is a reminder that someone is watching and trying to look after everyone.

Picture taken by De Imker. De Imker makes handmade logos for such events. In these cases, the writer performs an identity of the company and suggests with such a logo a certain craftsmanship and authenticity, because the audience often interprets such handmade logos as the opposite of mass production. This kind of performance is instrumental for making a profit and constructing an identity for a particular company, rather than for oneself.

Where graffiti and street art are often considered as a counter reaction to billboards and other forms of advertisement, in Prostitutes Lindenholt case the street art is performed as an advertisement itself.

All advertising messages are constructed to interpellate us, calling us Prostitutes Lindenholt to take up the position of the advertising addressee—the consumer, the passive receiver. Street art strikes back with alternative subject positions for inhabitants and citizens, confusing Prostitutes Lindenholt message system by offering the alternative subjectivity of gift-receiver, and 80 st B. Murals So far we have discussed graffiti in the form of tags and street art in the form of stencils and brand advertisement.

Murals are another form of street art, where an entire wall is covered with the work of a Prostitutes Lindenholt artist. An interesting example of a performed identity as an paid assignment are murals for schools.

The audience in these cases are students, parents, teachers and other members of the staff. Such murals express the preferred identity of the school in the style of the artist. The Montessori primary school in Dukenburg a southern part of Nijmegen has such a mural.

Fragment of mural. Montessori primary school, Meijhorst, Dukenburg. Prostitutes Lindenholt style is characterised by bright colors and figurative elements. The Montessori primary school used his style to perform a certain identity; the school comes across as colorful and modern itself. The artist Jim van Overbeek uses his own charateristic style to spread his name, but also to help the school to express its overall thematics of childhood and the kind of world in which the school wishes to bring up children.

So in this case, the function of the street art is fame for the writer and the performance of institutional identity for the school and the people who are connected to the school.

The themes of the performance of individual and communal identity, style, branding, and protest were examined. Prostitutes Lindenholt the next chapter will be concerned with the materiality of graffiti and street art Prostitutes Lindenholt.

Visconti, Prostitutes Lindenholt. Sherry Jr, S. Borghini, L. Anderson Street Art, Street Smart? Oxford University Press. July This chapter deals with materiality and discusses how several kind of materials influence the practice of graffiti and street art. The materials that will be examined are the walls on which graffiti and street art are placed, materials used by the writers like markers, spray cans, chalk, stickers and posters and the human body.

At the end of this chapter, I will shed some light on the unique example of corroded graffiti in Nijmegen.

All these materials interact in a specific way and it is vital to find out how. P 86 M. Chapter 1: The Medium is the Message. This argument can also be applied to the different materials used to produce graffiti and street art. It is crucial to emphasise the link Prostitutes Lindenholt technology and humanity. Technologies are not isolated phenomena that we merely use; in a sense we existentially are those technologies.

So not just the languages themselves as discussed in the first chapter, but also the different media through which these languages are communicated, play an important role. Hourigan October 26th. An object within this theoretical tradition could be a person, a part of another person, or indeed an item of material culture. They can be animate or inanimate, Prostitutes Lindenholt or non-human. In this chapter, works of graffiti and street art are also considered objects.

The human body that creates these works is also considered an object in this context. Cathexis There is a tendency for people to invest objects with power and energy; this is described within psychoanalytic theory as cathexis.

When a work of graffiti or street art is observed by someone Prostitutes Lindenholt the street, this cathexis occurs. We Prostitutes Lindenholt not just look at graffiti and street art; we experience them in complex ways.

Griffith Research Online. Barrett Materiality, Language and the Production of Knowledge. Bowen Graffiti as Spatializing Practice and Performance. Yet it is possible to attempt to provide this subject with a precise framework and approach the matter with the knowledge of psychodynamics in mind. Graffiti and street art make adaptations in the form and function of our surroundings, thus transforming our social lives. The scope of this inclusion is the measure of that of my existence.

Merleau-Ponty Phenomenology of Perception. London: Routledge. Series B, Human Geography. The ANT, as well as the aforementioned theories, serve as fitting Prostitutes Lindenholt for the research about the relationship between the materials of graffiti and street art and their affect on the city of Nijmegen and its citizens.

Walls After this exploration at an overarching meta-level, we will look at more specific and concrete elements. The use of graffiti and street art fits better in this bottom-up scheme, which will be discussed later in this chapter and also in the third chapter. By this logic, Prostitutes Lindenholt we actively and consciously make gestures like writing graffiti and street art on walls, we do not take Prostitutes Lindenholt spatial experience for J.

Actor-Network-Theory and Fashion. Rocamora A. Smelik Eds Thinking Through Fashion. A Guide to Key Theorists. London, New York: I.

Prostitutes Lindenholt Ibidem. So most walls are built as governmental strategies as Foucault stated, but walls can be used as subjects of tactical uses as well. In this Latin medieval metaphor, walls are material and symbolic zones of authorities and framings of hierarchical identities. This notion still exists in many institutions, such as schools, universities, and hospitals, but also urban common space itself. Writing on walls is so powerful, because it interacts with the potential of the walls themselves.

An example in Nijmegen of how the function of a wall is transformed by writing on it, can be found in de Ruyterstraat in the neighborhood Bottendaal, which borders Prostitutes Lindenholt the city center. Here, the wall literally became a Prostitutes Lindenholt to paint on. When we look at how the wall used to look, it becomes clear how much difference a mural can make.

De Ruyterstraat, Source: Google Maps. Before, the wall as perceived Prostitutes Lindenholt consisted of the grey bricks, and the wall as lived space was tagged by names that were mentioned in the first Prostitutes Lindenholt as well: AGK, Maat and Prostitutes Lindenholt.

The wall looked somewhat like a bulletin board for graffiti writers. The transformation into the wall as a Prostitutes Lindenholt made the wall more of a vehicle Prostitutes Lindenholt an aesthetic image that passersby and the Prostitutes Lindenholt can enjoy.

Paulien Driessen, an inhabitant of the Ruyterstraat, Prostitutes Lindenholt the spokesperson for the district and desired three elements: that that wall was transformed by a mural, that plants would be planted at the bottom of the mural Prostitutes Lindenholt that the entire wall was more organic, and that the drawings of the children would remain on the wall.

The street artists chose to paint a garden where someone Prostitutes Lindenholt drinking coffee, so the wall and the growing plants would overlap and so the wall would seem more Prostitutes Lindenholt to look at, because it portrays a homely situation.

However, the way passersby and the inhabitants of the street experience the mural as a piece of art; it is clear that there is a distinction between whether the aesthetics are appreciated or not.

A clear distinction here is that tags are often considered as unwelcome vandalism, while street art is acknowledged as a Prostitutes Lindenholt addition to urban common spaces. The wall Prostitutes Lindenholt that particular house in de Ruyterstraat seemed, before the tagging appeared, as a neutral zone.

This zone is nonetheless Prostitutes Lindenholt and therefore not neutral. The agency of the citizens and the street artists in examples like these will be further looked into in the following chapter. Spray cans The two pictures of the Ruyterstraat show two different usages Prostitutes Lindenholt the same material: paint. The choice for using a paintbrush or a spray can is often a conscious one. Spray cans usually are to be used very swiftly, and often they are used secretly, while the usage of paintbrushes often requires more time Prostitutes Lindenholt therefore is a visible act.

While paintbrushes are ancient, spray cans have a more modern Prostitutes Lindenholt. The spray can as a material object deserves a little more exploration. This is crucial because it made possible for liquids to be sprayed from a pressurised can in controllable ways.

Another beneficial characteristic is that the Prostitutes Lindenholt dries much faster when it is used with a spray can. This enables writers to put different colours on a surface, without mixing these colours. ND Spray Paint. How an Object Became an Object Prostitutes Lindenholt a Subculture.

In this regard one can conceive of spray paint itself as possessing some sense of agency as an object. This agency is apparent both on the more superficial level, that Prostitutes Lindenholt availability, or lack thereof, of different spray paints influences the graffiti that the subculture produces; but it is also apparent on a more subtle level, in that spray paint is the modern graffiti subculture.

The two are intimately and inseparably linked together, and in fact they are one entity. In the same fashion, spray cans are actors within the networks of entanglements that exist in the graffiti and street art subculture.

The spray can enables the writer or artist to bring adjustments to the material surfaces of the city. However, online the access is easy and abundant. Prostitutes Lindenholt was explained in the introduction, Prostitutes Lindenholt the Prostitutes Lindenholt spray cans were very difficult to get hold of. Writers from Nijmegen would Prostitutes Lindenholt to Amsterdam to obtain them.

Other examples of materials that Prostitutes Lindenholt part of graffiti and subculture, which will be discussed in less detail, are posters, markers, stickers, chalk, moss, and the lack of dirt. The latter is simply the use of a high Prostitutes Lindenholt water spray on a dirty surface, thus creating an image that comes out the dirt with clean lines. Some artists use the natural material moss to create a work that then over time, ideally, grows and evolves.

Examples of these two forms of materials exist in Nijmegen, but I do not have specific examples or pictures of them. An exploration of these other materials now follows. An Anthropological Theory. Clarendon Express: Oxford.

Such posters were part of the urban common space of Nijmegen in the eighties. Just as the graffiti that was part of the Pierson riots, so are these posters a form of very articulated activism. Some of these groups remained active after the eighties and some posters show Prostitutes Lindenholt recent events they hosted. These posters were designed Prostitutes Lindenholt these groups themselves and through these posters, their shared identities are performed. Posters are made of paper with ink printed on Prostitutes Lindenholt, and usually their durability is a couple of weeks, after which Prostitutes Lindenholt posters are put over them.

This gives a certain overview of the political activist posters that were present in Nijmegen from Prostitutes Lindenholt Photo taken by Joep Janssen. From left to right low corner: -Roze Stembusakkoord Nijmegen. GerarNoodtstraat, 12th of December -1 jaar Flikkerradio Kuifje. Luister vanaf uur naar Radio Rataplan en Radio Kuifje. The fact that Gay radio Kuifje collaborated with Radio Rataplan is also relevant, because Radio Rataplan a pirate radio reported about the Pierson Riots, which were discussed in the first chapter, from the perspective of the squatters, rather than the council.

So these activist groups sometimes cooperated. Another interesting analysis that can Prostitutes Lindenholt taken from these posters is that the more we move forward in time, the more the council and official political parties started to work together with these emancipated groups; this is particularly apparent with the Pink Polls Agreement.

From top to low: november bestaat boekhandel de Feeks 25 jaar. Kaffee, Dokumentatie. Bookstore, Bar, Documentation.

The fact that this bookstore is now over 40 years old, shows that there is a demand for such information. From left upper corner to right low corner: Katholieke Universiteit Prostitutes Lindenholt. Lesbische en Homostudies. Lesbian- and Gaystudies. Prostitutes Lindenholt content of the courses. De Plak. Dance en performance. Nijmeegs potten- en flikkerkoor. Vier deze dag! De Plak Dance and Performance. Lesbian and gay choir of Nijmegen. Celebrate this day!

Actie in de Roerstraat. Flikkers en potten tegen facisme en geschiedvervalsing. Homosexual Emancipation Groep Andra. Action in de Roerstraat. Gays and lesbians against fascism and falsification of history.

With programme. The Catholic University of Nijmegen nowadays the Radboud University started to implement courses on homosexuality in In a catholic environment, this is striking, because strictly speaking, Prostitutes Lindenholt is not acceptable within Catholicism. Of course, this shows how modern and tolerant an institute like a university can be in the twentieth and twenty-first century.

Nowadays there is an entire faculty for Gender Studies, the replacement for Homosexual Studies, that is known in the rest of the Netherlands as well. A decade later these groups were part of an official institute like a university. The impact of these Prostitutes Lindenholt is immense, when taken into account that homosexuality used to be illegal. The other posters illustrate how these emancipatory groups use both celebratory and activist tactics Prostitutes Lindenholt perform their identities.

They use art to communicate Prostitutes Lindenholt messages. From left corner above til right corner below: juni Nijmegen Potten-en-Flikkerdag 23th of June Nijmegen Lesbians and Gays Day with programme. Nijmegen Lesbian- and Gay day. Home Prostitutes Lindenholt the History of Nijmegen January 19 until May 5.

Supported by the Council of Nijmegen. Prostitutes Lindenholt vanaf naar Radio Rataplan en Radio Kuifje. Lesbian radio. With airing dates. Open en feest Prostitutes Lindenholt janurai. Receptie in Villa Lila. Feest in Feeks. Vol Verrassingen. Open and party 19 of January. Reception in Villa Lila. Party in Feeks.

Prostitutes Lindenholt, Phone numbers of Prostitutes in Lindenholt, Netherlands

This chapter focussed on graffiti and street art, but other examples of this local communal movement can be found in areas like community gardens and repair shops. Koninkrijk Lindenholt Dutch.

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