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Toward the close of the sixteenth century, Holland deter- mined to get a share of the trade in the Orient. Moreover, almost all the advisors of lyeyasu were Shinto, Buddhist, and Confucian scholars.

In Jacques Spex, a Dutch envoy, came to Japan and told lyeyasu that the national prac- tice of Spain and Portugal was to send Christian missionaries to a foreign country to convert the natives, and, after these priests had established Christian influence among the people, to send troops to conquer the Prostitutes Gotsucho with the cooperation of Prostitutes Gotsucho Christian converts.

In Hendrik Brouwer, a Dutch en- voy, came to Japan and presented to lyeyasu a document which contained a full account of how Spain and Portugal used Prostitutes Gotsucho propagation of Christianity in foreign countries as a means of conquering them.

In those days almost all the prominent ad- visors of lyeyasu and men of power in his government were Buddhist, Shinto, or Confucian scholars. They came more and more under the Prostitutes Gotsucho of the Dutch traders and envoys, who warned them of the Spanish and Portuguese Prostitutes Gotsucho, and they finally came to believe that the Spanish and Portuguese priests in Japan were the Prostitutes Gotsucho agents of their respective kings.

He said that the Spanish priests in Japan were abundantly provided annually with gold, silver, and various kinds of precious goods Prostitutes Gotsucho their ruler so that they might have money to enable them to gain special privileges in leasing land, building churches, and converting the natives. He then outlined how Spain had come to rule the Philippines, Nueva Espana, and other countries by first sending priests to convert the natives, and later, troops to conquer these coun- tries.

He said Prostitutes Gotsucho the real purpose of the propagation of Christianity was to annex other countries to Spain. This infor- mation made a great impression upon lyeyasu, the more so because he had already received similar warnings from the Dutch envoys and traders. However, because of his strong conviction that trade with Spain Prostitutes Gotsucho Portugual was insepara- ble from Christian religious activity in Japan, he tolerated Christianity and gave freedom and protection to the Christian priests.

At the same time, Japanese trade with non-Catholic nations, such as England and Holland, was carried on success- fully. The trade with the districts in southern Asia and in the South Sea was also increasingly prosperous. He therefore changed his policy Prostitutes Gotsucho attitude toward Christianity and its priests.

His changed course may in part be accounted for by Prostitutes Gotsucho fact that as early as the beginning of Spain's attempt to Prostitutes Gotsucho her territory through the influence of Christianity on the native converts had already gained ground. William Adams, the sole Occidental advisor to lyeyasu, fre- quently approached him and stated that the purpose of the Spanish priests in Japan was Prostitutes Gotsucho to explain the way of sal- vation through Christ to the Japanese and thereby to save their souls, but rather to convert the Japanese to Christianity so that through their cooperation the king of Spain Prostitutes Gotsucho con- quer Japan.

He said that the Spanish priests in Japan were merely duplicating what their predecessors had done in Peru, in Nueva Espana, and in other parts of America. Shozabura Goto, who had once been sent by lyeyasu to Nueva Espana to inquire into trade conditions, and Sahei Hasagawa, the gov- ernor of Nagasaki, both of whom were trusted councilors of lyeyasu, reported to him their investigations Prostitutes Gotsucho findings with regard to conditions among the Christians, as well as Prostitutes Gotsucho re- gard to prospects of trade with Japan.

In fact, those Christian priests were paving the way for their countries finally to conquer Japan. Upon making a thoiough search of the ship, the Dutch found an important document disclosing Prostitutes Gotsucho secret conspiracy of the Christians in Kyushu.

The captain of the Dutch war vessel came to Hirado and presented Prostitutes Gotsucho docu- ment to the Japanese government through Lord Matsuura, the ruler Prostitutes Gotsucho Hirado. The document proved to Prostitutes Gotsucho a petition pre- sented to the Portuguese throne by Captain Moro, a Portu- guese residing in Nagasaki. In his petition Captain Moro stated that all the Christian converts in Kyushu, with the coopera- tion of the Portuguese in Japan, and supported by some of the leaders in Japan, had formulated Prostitutes Gotsucho plan to assassinate lyeyasu and overthrow his government with the purpose of making Japan a Christian nation, and that therefore they had decided to petition the king of Portugal, asking that he send a large military Prostitutes Gotsucho together with ships loaded with abundant mili- tary supplies and provisions.

Prostitutes Gotsucho few years later, all the Japanese who were reputed to have been implicated in this plot were likewise arrested and executed. In June,Prostitutes Gotsucho, the Spanish envoy, came to Japan.

Under the personal supervision of this Spanish envoy, the northeastern coast of Japan, from Uraga to Sendai, was sounded. Later, the envoy chartered a fleet of ships and made a complete survey of the northeastern coast of the island of Honshu the main island and mapped the Prostitutes Gotsucho and sizes of all the important bays and harbors; several months were spent in completing this work.

The Dutch and British traders took advantage of Prostitutes Gotsucho opportunity to misrepresent the Spanish. Their representatives, assisted by William Adams and Jan Jos- ten, the English and Dutch advisors Prostitutes Gotsucho lyeyasu, warned him of Spanish military ambitions and activities Prostitutes Gotsucho might pos- sibly culminate in an invasion of Japan.

They stated that in Europe the sounding of coasts and the making of maps Prostitutes Gotsucho har- bors and ports of one country by the nationals of another was always regarded as the first movement toward military activity, and therefore was not permitted. They said further that Spain made it her traditional ambition to encroach upon and con- quer other nations by employing Christian priests as her spies and agents, and that in fact Spain had employed both military strength and Christian influence in her Prostitutes Gotsucho of the Philip- pines, of various districts in East India, and of various parts of America, and that because the coming of the priests was always a forerunner of Spanish invasion, Holland, Germany, and other European nations had already banished all Chris- tian priests sent from Spain and Portugal.

This series of happenings, and the information regarding the priests and the activities Prostitutes Gotsucho Spain and Portugal that was received by lyeyasu in alone, caused him seriously to con- sider the expulsion of all the Christian priests in Japan and the extirpation of Christianity therein. Both these distin- guished Christians were convicted. On March 21, lyeyasu ordered both Lord Arima and Okamoto to be put to death; he had concluded that these two distinguished Japanese, who had held high and responsible positions, had committed grave crimes and had dared to disregard the law of the nation by rea- son of the fact that they were Christians.

And on that same day he promulgated the Anti-Christian Law and put it in force. But although lyeyasu had decided upon the extermination of Christianity in Japan, he had not the slightest idea of closing Japan Prostitutes Gotsucho traders from Christian nations.

He planned to open the entire nation to traders from all parts of Prostitutes Gotsucho world. From on, lyeyasu pursued a policy which had been traditional from the time Prostitutes Gotsucho Hideyoshi: 1.

Because Christianity and the Prostitutes Gotsucho independence of Japan could not coexist, Christianity in Japan should be eradi- cated. For this purpose lyeyasu framed and promulgated an anti-Christian law more elaborate even than that of Hideyoshi.

Like Hideyoshi, lyeyasu was Prostitutes Gotsucho convinced that Chris- tianity and trade would be readily differentiated, and that therefore they should be dealt with separately and differently in strict accordance with the national policy of Japan.

Therefore, the Christian priests in Japan should all be driven out and Prostitutes Gotsucho religious work completely undone. All the native Christians should be induced to renounce their faith or be put to death.

All trade ships should be welcomed and every possible fa- cility afforded Prostitutes Gotsucho so that Japan might become one of the great trade centers Prostitutes Gotsucho the world.

He therefore disregarded Hideyoshi's anti-Chris- tian law and pursued a policv of toleration, dealing liberally with Christian priests from both Spain and Portugal. Conse- quently, during the succeeding period of twelve years Chris- tianity in Japan gained a great ascendancy.

Inwhen Iyeyasu found it necessary to promulgate his own anti-Chris- tian law, Christianity had spread throughout Prostitutes Gotsucho nation. Such prominent feudal Prostitutes Gotsucho as Otomo, Omura, Arima, Takayama, and Naito made it known that they were Prostitutes Gotsucho Christians.

The powerful and wealthy feudal lords Mayeda, Hosokawa, Nabeshima, Fukushima, and Tanaka were numbered among those who protected the Christians. Outstanding statesmen and trusted officers in lyeyasu's government, such as Itakura and Honda, were sympathizers with Prostitutes Gotsucho Christians.

A number of pious Christians were found even among the bodyguard of Prostitutes Gotsucho yasu and of Hidetada, his son, and among the ladies-in-waiting in the palace of Iyeyasu in Sumpu. Prostitutes Gotsucho arrested, exiled, or put to death more than Prostitutes Gotsucho hundred notable Christians, including members of his bodyguard and some of Prostitutes Gotsucho ladies-in-waiting in his palace.

He sent trusted officers to various parts of Japan to suppress the Prostitutes Gotsucho movement, and at the same time sent influential Buddhist priests to Kyushu and elsewhere for the purpose of persuading the Christians to renounce their faith.

They respected the Christian tenets, and ignored the very ex- istence of both the government Prostitutes Gotsucho Japan and the national tradi- tions. They neither obeyed nor feared the laws of the nation. They welcomed death at the stake or by crucifixion, believ- ing that shedding blood for their faith was the surest and Prostitutes Gotsucho est road to salvation. Whenever a Christian was executed in a public place, other Christians, though it meant risking ar- rest, crowded around the dying man and picked up pieces of his garments to be cherished as sacred relies.

In lact, Japanese Christians learned not to fear Prostitutes Gotsucho, water, or rhe shedding of blood for the cause of their faith. The anti-Christian law promulgated by lyeyasu was thus un- Prostitutes Gotsucho. Moreover, its enforcement was not nation-wide, but was applied only in the cities, provinces, and districts that were under the direct control of lyeyasu and his government. All the local feudal governments were privileged to use their own discretion; consequently, while some feudal lords who wished to buy the good will of lyeyasu enforced the law in their prov- inces, others not only refrained from interfering with Christian workers in theirs, but often showed great sympathy with them, even going so far as to offer them refuge.

Moreover, the Spanish and Portuguese priests who had been driven away from Japan returned accompanied by others, all disguised as traders. They engaged in missionary work, making the Spanish and Portuguese settlements their headquarters.

After hav- ing enforced as well as he could his Anti-Christian Law of i6i 2 for about a year and a half, lyeyasu found his efforts futile. Prostitutes Gotsucho aim was to make his new regulation nation-wide by enforcing it in all the prov- inces under the control of the feudal lords, as well as Prostitutes Gotsucho his own provinces. Because this was a grave and urgent national prob- lem, Suden spent the whole night in writing the preamble. Prostitutes Gotsucho completed it by morning, and Prostitutes Gotsucho it to lyeyasu for ap- proval.

It is also the land of Buddha. The Shinto Deities and Buddha are one and the same Divine Being [when viewed in accordance with the Buddhistic theory of incarnation].

Christianity has been introduced into our sacred land, which has long maintained a prosperous and happy Prostitutes Gotsucho, enjoying law and order. Christian people from lands far beyond the sea have not only sent ships to us for the purpose of engaging in Prostitutes Gotsucho with us, but also have intro- duced this evil teaching which opposes our sacred and divine laws. They have even dared to show their hand in our political affairs, thus confronting Japan with a great national crisis.

The evil teaching from the Christian lands must be completely done away with, and no single inch of Japanese land Prostitutes Gotsucho to it to re- vive upon.

Japan, the land of the Shinto Deities and of Buddha, has always revered and prayed to those divinities. Its Prostitutes Gotsucho have thereby learned to live upright and noble lives, discrimi- nating between right and wrong, and between evil and worthy works. Christians, on the contrary, respect a man who com- mitted crimes and was therefore prosecuted. This Being is the enemy of the Shinto Gods and of Buddha. We must promptly and rigorously drive from our land the persons who hold to this teaching.

Otherwise, we shall suffer the divine punishment of Buddha and of the Shinto Deities! Many of the local feudal governments showed a keen desire to co- operate; but some did not, and lyeyasu found it necessary to deprive of lands, rank, and title, Prostitutes Gotsucho send into exile, a few of the feudal lords, Prostitutes Gotsucho to be staunch friends cf the Christians, who had offered shelter to Christian refugees in their districts.

Consequently, the Anti-Christian Law of was enforced on a nation-wide scale. Within one month after the promulgation of the law, lye- yasu instructed the governor of Kyoto to force all Prostitutes Gotsucho foreign Christian priests in Kyoto and the surrounding districts to go to Nagasaki, where seven large ships were waiting to carry them to their respective Prostitutes Gotsucho.

Within eight months, lyeyasu Prostitutes Gotsucho Portuguese priests of the Jesuit Order to Macao, and Spanish priests of the Franciscan, Dominican, and Augustine orders, together with a number of Japanese Christians, to Ma- nila, planning thus to clear Japan of all missionary workers and then to destroy all their converts.

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However, the Japanese Chris- tians in the seventeenth century were unafraid of death, and died cheerfully as witnesses to their faith. Both the law and the authority of the Prostitutes Gotsucho were powerless against them. He pursued the course of seeking to impress upon the Chris- tians the fact that death Prostitutes Gotsucho not be their sole punishment. He decreed cruel methods of punishment so that not only the Christians, but also the Japanese people in general, might know how those who became Christians must suffer.

Some of the Christians who refused to renounce their faith were Prostitutes Gotsucho and their fingers were cut off; or the muscles of their arms and legs were removed, a large sign of the cross was branded upon their foreheads, and they were then liberated, to suffer linger- ing agony and finally death.

Others, as soon as they were ar- rested, were thrown into bags made of rice straw, only their heads being left exposed, and were piled one above another on the roadside in the hot sun; and if, after several days of suffer- ing, they still refused to renounce their faith, they were either beheaded or crucified.

In some districts all the Christians who refused to renounce their faith were gathered in front of their church, government officials burned Prostitutes Gotsucho edifice, and then made a circle of flame around the group of Christians, thus to kill Prostitutes Gotsucho slowly by fire. Such tortures and tribulations were merely the beginnings of the suffering of Christians in Japan. In fact, tliey were sub- jected to Prostitutes Gotsucho brutal tortures for nearly a quarter-cen- tury—untilwhen Christianity was practically blotted out and Prostitutes Gotsucho nation entered the Period of Absolute Seclusion.

As he was thus approaching the end of his life, Hideyori, who was but five years Prostitutes Gotsucho when Hideyoshi, his father, entrusted him to lye- yasu, had now grown into a brilliant young man of great prom- ise. He concluded that it would be imperative for the sake both of his family and of his government to do away with Hideyori before he himself should die; and in October,he forced war upon him.

Hideyori had his military headquarters in the Osaka castle which had been built by the great military genius Hideyoshi and had long been known as the largest and most impenetrable stronghold in Japan. He therefore made proposals of peace Prostitutes Gotsucho Hideyori, who reluctantly accepted them.

On December Prostitutes Gotsucho,a treaty Prostitutes Gotsucho peace was signed. Two days afterward, lyeyasu interpreted the terms of the treaty to suit himself. Moreover, on the grounds that Hideyori did not need any works of defense now that peace had been restored, lyeyasu sent his fighting men to the Osaka castle and had them destroy all walls and fill up all moats and ditches, thus rendering it defenseless.

On April Prostitutes Gotsucho,lyeyasu and his son Hidetada completed their military preparations, and on May 5 the actual military movements were begun. Because this sec- ond war was started before Hideyori Prostitutes Gotsucho completed his mili- tary preparations, and also because his stronghold had been dismantled, he was doomed.

On the following day, lyeyasu forced Hideyori Prostitutes Gotsucho his mother, together with twenty- five personal attendants, to commit suicide. Prostitutes Gotsucho had a son and a daughter, both of whom had es- caped from the Osaka castle before it was taken.

When they were captured, he strangled the daughter, who was but Prostitutes Gotsucho years of age. He declared the son, who was seven years old, to be the offspring of the national enemy, Hideyori; he disgraced and tortured him, had him led through the main streets of the imperial capital to be jeered at by the populace, and then had him beheaded.

Thus did lye- yasu destroy the family of Hideyoshi, which he had recognized as the ruling family under which he himself and his family had enjoyed a safe Prostitutes Gotsucho prosperous existence. And immediately after this, he sent a state paper to Korea bearing the informa- tion that he had done Prostitutes Gotsucho with the family of Hideyoshi, which Korea had always regarded as a national enemy, and had thus avenged the Prostitutes Gotsucho of Korea and his country In this way he in- duced Korea to renew friendly relations with Japan.

Inwhen war broke out in Osaka between lye- yasu and Hideyori, the divine soul of Hideyoshi became an object of nation-wide reverence and worship.

With the purpose of obliterating all possible sources of the influence of Hide- yoshi, lyeyasu ordered that this temple be destroyed. However, it is the general opinion among Japanese historians that lyeyasu was one of the greatest men Japan ever had, that he was a person of Prostitutes Gotsucho constructive ability, endowed with great military and civil genius, and that he always aimed at dealing justly with others. Nevertheless, no historian can deny that lyeyasu was Prostitutes Gotsucho egocentric.

In order to maintain the safe existence and prosperity of his family and his government, he respected no treaty or pledge, and even failed to pay due reverence to the imperial throne or to treat honorably the nation itself. Historians believe that lyeyasu pro- mulgated the severe Anti-Christian Law of with the pur- pose of making the Christians in Japan Prostitutes Gotsucho to render any material assistance to Hideyori.

Within ten months after the promulgation of the Anti-Chris- tian Law— that is, in October, — the war began at Osaka.

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All Christians there and in the surrounding districts, and others from far-off parts of Japan, were organized as soldiers under the Prostitutes Gotsucho banner. They took the side of Hideyori and fought against lyeyasu with the hope Prostitutes Gotsucho regaining religious freedom in the event that the war should end in victory for Hideyori.

However, he died in April,within less than one year after the war. Hidetada was appointed Sei-i Tai-shogun by the emperor in However, it was not until — the year in which his Prostitutes Gotsucho lyeyasu died— that he actually began to rule Japan as shogun.

He con- cluded Prostitutes Gotsucho Japan might be able to Prostitutes Gotsucho her trade without the cooperation of Christian priests, but that Christianity and the Christians in Japan could never be done away with un- less strict limitations and regulations should first be imposed upon foreign trade and traders. Therefore, in August,Prostitutes Gotsucho months after the death of lyeyasu, when Hidetada came to rule Japan in person, he promulgated a law prohibiting trade ships from entering any harbors except those of Nagasaki and Hirado.

Whenever a Christian was executed in a public place, other Christians, though it meant risking ar- rest, crowded around the dying man and picked up pieces of his garments to be cherished as sacred relies.

Of course, British traders and British ships shall henceforth not be allowed to Prostitutes Gotsucho in trade in any part of your province. All, including the Dutch and British traders, were driven out of those cities, and were strictly prohibited Prostitutes Gotsucho reentering them for any purpose whatsoever. Although, beginning in the autumn ofJapan desig- nated the two harbors of Nagasaki and Hirado as the only har- bors that might be entered by foreign trade ships, with the purpose of preventing the smuggling of Catholic priests into Japan, yet, according to official records, in 1 Prostitutes Gotsucho 1 7, 1 6 1 8, and even inSpanish and Portuguese priests succeeded in being smuggled into Japan disguised as Prostitutes Gotsucho.

This habitual viola- tion of the law by Christian priests caused K? Naturally, he pun- ished the offenders in more and more brutal ways. Not only were the smuggled priests, their assistants, and followers pun- ished; but also any persons who showed friendly feelings to- ward them were either put to death by burning or exiled and all their property confiscated. InDutch traders in Japan presented a written state- ment to Hidetada advising that he should entirely discontinue trade and other relations with Manila and Macao, Prostitutes Gotsucho so long as Japan maintained any relations with these two places she could not prevent the coming Prostitutes Gotsucho Catholic priests in the guise of traders.

He therefore decided, first, to let the governor of the Philippines know how angry he was because the latter had permitted priests to come to Japan in violation of Prostitutes Gotsucho national law, thus disre- garding international courtesy and obligations; and therefore, Prostitutes Gotsuchowhen Prostitutes Gotsucho governor of the Philippines sent an envoy to Japan with a valuable gift to Hidetada, he neither permitted audience to the envoy nor accepted the gift.

He drove the Prostitutes Gotsucho voy and his party out, stating that an envoy from an unfriendly state should not be allowed to stay for even a moment. When lyemitsu became shogun, the anti-Christian law of lyeyasu had already been in force for eleven years, but still the Portuguese and Spanish Prostitutes Gotsucho continued to come, and newly converted Japanese replaced the Christians who were exiled or killed, lyemitsu was a man of great determination and severity.

He Prostitutes Gotsucho that the final extermination of Prostitutes Gotsucho should not be delayed any longer, and to that end he issued many severe ordinances and regulations. Those who refused to do so were Prostitutes Gotsucho to death. As is evidenced by historical facts, international relations between Japan and Spain, and more especially commercial relations, were originally more urgently sought by the former than by the latter.

Japan had not only desired to engage in and develop trade with Spain and her de- pendencies; she had also been anxious to obtain knowledge of mining, navigation, and shipbuilding, and had requested Spain to send men skilled in these pursuits.

However, to the great disappointment of lyeyasu, instead of sending mining engineers and shipbuilders, Spain sent priests, and even en- gaged in suspicious activity by sounding the coasts of Japan.

Full text of "Japanese Expansion On The Asiatic Continent Vol-ii ()"

In fact, Spain had given lyeyasu a stone instead of the bread for which he had asked. This made it im- possible for Japan to extend her trade to Occidental countries. After Japan promulgated and Prostitutes Gotsucho the anti-Chris- tian laws, conditions grew steadily worse. With the consent of the bishop of Manila, the gov- ernor of the Philippines sent Don Fernando Prostitutes Gotsucho Ayala and Don Antonio de Arce to Japan as envoys, bearing siate papers, to- gether with valuable gifts for lyemitsu.

In the state papers the governor explained his new policy. In the spring of the same year, the envoys reached Japan and went to Yedo by way of Nagasaki for the purpose of seeking an audience with lyemitsu. At that time, however, lyemitsu had already decided to sever all relations with Spain; consequently, he instructed his repre- sentative to meet the envoys on the way and order them to re- turn to Manila immediately, stating that the shogun, the ruler Prostitutes Gotsucho Japan, would not grant an audience to envoys from a state in which the evil religion Christianity prevailed, and which habitually permitted its people to violate the laws of Japan.

Inwhen a Spanish fleet came to Japan, all the Spanish traders in Japan were ordered to embark upon their ships and to leave forever. In the same Prostitutes Gotsucho, Japan prohibited her peo- ple from sailing to the Philippines to engage in trade.

Comprehending the seriousness of the situation in Japan, Spain sent an envoy with a party of three hundred men to Japan in March, This party reached Satsuma, Kyushu. The envoy requested permission to proceed immediately to Yedo, accompanied by about seventy of his men.

After having carefully studied the relations previously existing, the council had found that in the beginning Japan had granted the request of Spain that she might send Prostitutes Gotsucho trade ships to Japan with the purpose of exchanging the special products of the two countries.

Therefore Japan suppressed the evil teachings and terminated relations with Spain. Now that nation dared again to send an envoy, thus ex- pressing its desire to renew relations. Prostitutes Gotsucho this was for the purpose of carrying out the deceitful plots and intrigues of that nation. Japan should certainly neither receive the en- voy nor accept the presents that he brought. Acting upon the findings of his council, lyemitsu directed his government to expel in disgrace the Spanish envoy and his party, with instructions to them never again to approach the coasts Prostitutes Gotsucho Japan.

During the three years ending inJapan maintained this policy in dealing with Spain, and finally con- vinced that nation of her intention to enforce the decision to terminate all trade and other relations between the two countries. As previously indicated, it was inwhen William Adams was wielding great power in Japan as the advisor of lye- yasu, that England established trade relations there.

The Dutch traders had approached the shogunate government time and again with regard to the so-called Catholic intrigue, thus Prostitutes Gotsucho the confidence and trust of the shogun. They now informed the government that James I, King of England, was a devout Catholic, and that therefore the nation he ruled should be dealt with in the same manner as Spain and Portugal.

Consequently, inwhen Hidetada adopted the policy of closing all harbors except those of Nagasaki and Hirado, all the free-trade privileges which had been granted by Japan to England in Prostitutes Gotsucho treaty of were cancelled, and English traders were instructed to engage in trade at the ports of Nagasaki and Hirado only. Two weeks later, they were ordered to trade at Hirado alone. Afterwhen Adams died, the British Prostitutes Gotsucho had no one to champion their cause, whereas the Dutch traders were rapidly winning the confidence of the shogunate government as its sole agents in spying upon the movements of the Catholic priests and the nations from which they had come.

By reason of trade compe- tition and the intrigues of the Dutch, the British traders were unable to conduct their trade with profit. In the British practically decided to abandon trade with Japan. They left their business houses, warehouses, and estates in the custody of the local feudal government of the lord of Hirado.

Thus in 1 both England and Spain abandoned their trade with Japan. However, their traders left Japan under entirely different circumstances, as has been shown; the English volun- tarily gave up their trade, Prostitutes Gotsucho the Spanish were expelled. Nevertheless, the English did Prostitutes Gotsucho return Prostitutes Gotsucho Japan to reestablish their trade, as was their privilege.

England was the last of the European nations to enter the field of commerce with Japan, and the first to withdraw; she had carried on the trade for the brief period of ten years. Historians are agreed that the aban- donment of trade with Japan by both England and Spain was Prostitutes Gotsucho due to the intrigue Prostitutes Gotsucho rivalry of the Prostitutes Gotsucho traders.

In consequence, the rivalry between the Dutch and Portuguese traders became more and more intense. In the seventeenth century the trade rivalry and the un- friendly feeling between Holland and Portugal were not con- fined to Japan, but had spread to many parts of the Orient. Sometimes this feeling was so bitter as to result in open war- fare. Although this invasion was unsuccessful, the fleet withdrew only after Prostitutes Gotsucho caused great damage.

In the middle of the first half of the seventeenth century, lyemitsu had well-nigh exhausted his resources in his attempts to rid Japan of Christianity. These two undertakings brought about the seclusion of Japan in Both the king of Spain and the governor of the Philippines had realized that the con- tinued violation of the law promulgated in Japan Prostitutes Gotsucho cause harm to trade and friendly relations. Inthe governor of the Philippines had issued an ordinance by which he strictly prohibited the departure of priests to Japan.

The king of Spain also issued an edict prohibiting priests from going from the Philippines to Japan for a period of fifteen years, beginning in Although both the government at Madrid and that at Manila thus voluntarily cooperated with the Japanese govern- ment in preventing priests from being smuggled into Japan, yet, like lyemitsu, both king and governor were powerless to prevent it.

In those days the priests in the Philippines were so eager to go to Japan to teach Christianity that no laws of Spain, the Philippines, or Japan were respected or feared by them. The more strict the laws became, the greater was the number of priests that went. Some of them sailed the hundreds of Prostitutes Gotsucho from Manila to Japan in small Chinese junks. In he ac- cepted a plan submitted by Matsukura, an eminent military leader, and instructed him to invade the Philippines; but Mat- sukura died and the expedition did not sail.

Therefore, when Japan planned her Prostitutes Gotsucho military expedition to the Philippines, she decided to charter some large Dutch ships. The Dutch traders in Japan offered to provide the Japanese government with a fleet of Prostitutes Gotsucho vessels. In most of the military preparations were completed. Nevertheless, the expedition did not sail, be- cause of a great Christian uprising in Kyushu. As the Dutch traders were always eager to render any possible service to the Japanese government, they offered this same fleet of war vessels for the bombardment of the Christian stronghold.

As early asalmost immedi- Prostitutes Gotsucho after he had begun to rule Japan, he made it a rule that the captains of ships coming from Macao should present com- plete lists of their passengers and crew, together with sworn statements that Prostitutes Gotsucho had no priests aboard. If a priest disguised as a trader was discovered, the priest and his accomplices, to- gether with all the men in the ship, including the captain and the officers, were put to death, and the ship and its cargo were burnt.

Later, with the consent of the Portuguese government, Japanese Prostitutes Gotsucho were Prostitutes Gotsucho at Macao to examine all the passengers on the ships sailing to Japan, so that persons of sus- picious character might be prevented from going. Although Spain began to take a conciliatory attitude toward Japan after lyemitsu Prostitutes Gotsucho an audience to the Spanish en- voy in and indicated Prostitutes Gotsucho he wished to expel all Spanish subjects Prostitutes Gotsucho Japan, the Spanish officials at Manila did not allow Japan to interfere with the movements of the Christian priests in the Philippines, as had the Portuguese government at Macao.

By taking this determined stand, the Christian priests at Manila practically challenged Japan and her laws. Sometimes, the backs of Christians were slashed open with dull knives, and boiling water was poured into these openings until the victims fainted. After they had been revived, the same treatment was repeated; and so on, until death brought relief. Sometimes, groups of Christians, after having been subjected to agonizing torture, were driven up to the top of a volcano, where they were thrown upon the slopes of fhecraterandrolled slowly down to the fire below.

Again, after both the hands and the legs of Prostitutes Gotsucho Christians had been slowly sawed off with dull bamboo saws, their bodies were rolled up and down hills until death came. Yet again, the fingers and toes of Prostitutes Gotsucho Christians were chopped off, after which the hands and legs were tied Prostitutes Gotsucho and exposed to snow or ice until the sufferers died of freezing.

Sometimes these victims were piled into small boats, which drifted out to sea. Inthe pope officially Prostitutes Gotsucho Japan as a Christian land and instructed Viera, a noted priest, to go thither Prostitutes Gotsucho reclaim that land, which was well-nigh lost to Christendom. At the time of his departure, the pope encouraged him by saying that if he should die while serving God he should feel it an honor, as he would then be numbered among the Christian martyrs.

With the enforcement of the Anti-Christian Law, he had been arrested and expelled. It took him nearly two years to get there the second time. In Viera and his party of nine Prostitutes Gotsucho China after having en- encountered many difficulties. They Prostitutes Gotsucho Japan disguised as Chinese. After having successfully propagated Christianity in Japan for about a year, they were arrested, and all were burned at the stake on July 10, These facts show that the Japanese government had deter- mined to carry out its plan to exterminate Christianity.

Prostitutes Gotsucho government arrested and persecuted all Christian workers, while at the same time Christian priests managed in one way or another to get into Japan. Despite the fact that they were soon apprehended and killed, they were always successful in making conversions.

The records show that during the period of twenty-one years ending in approximatelyChristians were put to death. Although the records with regard to the number of Christian converts are fragmentary, Prostitutes Gotsucho it is Prostitutes Gotsucho that in the year about were baptized, and in the yearapproximatelyand that all these Prostitutes Gotsucho swore that they were willing to die as Christian martyrs.

More- over, the number of these converts did not include the chil- dren who became Christians by virtue of the conversion of their parents. In fact, in the seventeenth century, in spite of the steady increase in the severity of the enforcement of the Anti- Christian Law and of the inhumanity and brutality in the per- secution of the Christians, the number of Japanese converts steadily increased.

This state of affairs caused Japan to real- ize that Christianity in Japan could not be rooted out unless the country were entirely isolated from the Prostitutes Gotsucho of the world. He then expelled all the Portuguese traders, thus terminating relations with Portugal, and strictly prohibited trade with the Portuguese.

The eradication of Christianity from Japan took fifty years— fromwhen Hideyoshi promulgated the first anti-Chris- tian law, towhen Japan entered upon her Period Prostitutes Gotsucho Absolute Seclusion. It had been the work of three shoguns. The extermination of Christianity and the national seclusion of Japan were, however, different problems. The former had a Prostitutes Gotsucho national purpose; the latter was but a by-product of the former.

With the increasing difficulty of Prostitutes Gotsucho work of extermi- nating Christianity, Japan unwittingly and unconsciously ap- proached, step by step, the time when it became necessary to adopt the seclusion policy. It was during the Christian uprising of that lyemitsu first realized the miraculous power of the Christians.

At that Prostitutes Gotsucho, a few tens of thousands of Chris- tians united their fighting strength into a single unit and defied the great national army of lyemitsu, fighting bravely and suc- cessfully for the cause of their religion.

After this uprising, lye- mitsu, fearing the power of the Christians, concluded that the seclusion of Japan was the only way to free the country from Christianity and thereby to maintain the safe existence of the nation and the government. On the whole, lyeyasu dealt more severely with the Christians than had Hideyoshi, Hide- tada dealt more severely with them than had lyeyasu, and Prostitutes Gotsucho dealt with them more severely than had Hidetada.

On the other hand, traders from Christian nations would be welcomed provided Prostitutes Gotsucho kept their hands off religious matters. In the early part of his rule, lyeyasu was fully convinced that Prostitutes Gotsucho trade could not be success- fully developed without the Prostitutes Gotsucho of Christian priests; he therefore tolerated Christianity, even going Prostitutes Gotsucho far as to pro- tect the priests. However, during the latter part of his Prostitutes Gotsucho, especially afterhe found it necessary to change his policy and decided that he must Prostitutes Gotsucho Christianity.

During the last four years of his life, he dealt with the Prostitutes Gotsucho more and more severely. He never changed his policy regarding trade develop- ment, never even dreamed of closing the nation because of troubles with the Christians. The rule of Hidetada constituted the transition Prostitutes Gotsucho. He concluded that Christianity must be uprooted at any cost.

At the same Prostitutes Gotsucho, he realized that this could not be done without greatly sacrificing trade. He therefore expelled the Occidental traders and residents from the cities and towns of Japan, and abandoned Prostitutes Gotsucho free coast-wide foreign trade. He left but two ports, Hirado and Nagasaki, open to trade with foreign coun- tries. By strictly searching every foreign ship that entered either of these two harbors, he sought to prevent the smuggling of Christian priests into Japan.

In this way, in Japan entered upon the preliminary stage of her national seclusion. When lyemitsu came to rule Japan, a new policy was adopted. Inthis shogun promulgated a law strictly pro- hibiting the Japanese from either importing or possessing books in Occidental languages.

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He took this step because he feared that the Japanese might come under Christian influence by the reading of Occidental books.

As it was difficult to dif- ferentiate between books on Christianity and Prostitutes Gotsucho on other subjects, lyemitsu prohibited both the buying and the selling of all books in Occidental languages.

Inlyemitsu con- cluded that the work of exterminating the Christians could not be carried out effectively unless the Japanese should be se- Prostitutes Gotsucho in Japan and prevented from Prostitutes Gotsucho to foreign coun- tries, in order that they might not come Prostitutes Gotsucho contact with Chris- tianity.

This law also prohibited the Japanese who resided in foreign countries from returning to Japan, under penalty of death. However, Prostitutes Gotsucho Japanese who had been resident in foreign countries for less than five years might be allowed to reenter Japan, provided their reasons and Prostitutes Gotsucho for having been detained in for- eign countries were acceptable to the government. This law also provided that liberal rewards should be given to persons Prostitutes Gotsucho informed the Prostitutes Gotsucho of the whereabouts of Christian Prostitutes Gotsucho.

With the enforcement of the Law ofJapan en- tered the first stage of national seclusion. All Japanese who planned to sail to foreign countries were to be put to death. Those who had at any time resided in foreign countries were to be put to death if they returned to Japan. Those who disregarded this law and lodged any Eurasians in their homes, and also those who com- municated with Eurasians who had been Prostitutes Gotsucho from Japan, should be put to death. The law also provided that liberal re- wards should be given to persons informing the government of the whereabouts of Christian converts as well as of Christian priests.

By the promulgation of this Law ofthe seclusion of the Japanese in their homeland was made complete. The ambitious plan of lyeyasu for the national expansion of Prostitutes Gotsucho through trade was thus completely abandoned. When the laws of and were promulgated, Japan had many prosperous trade settlements in southern Asia and in Prostitutes Gotsucho South Sea, of which the most important were Ayutia, near Bangkok, the capital of Siam; three settlements at Tourane, at Kang-nan, and at Faifo, in Annam; one settlement near Ma- nila, in the Philippines; one near the river Mekong, north of Phnompenh, the capital of Cambodia; and one settlement each in Java, in Cochin China, and in Tong-King.

The population of these settlements is unknown. However, modern historians have estimated that the population of Ayutia was aboutand that the Japanese settlement near Manila had a population of approximately After the enforcement of the Law of Prostitutes Gotsucho, those groups of Japanese, numbering from several hun- dreds to many thousands, in the South Sea islands and the dis- tricts in southern Asia, became people without nationality or country Prostitutes Gotsucho their own, and were Prostitutes Gotsucho of the trade by which they had maintained their existence.

In course of time, these settlements died out one by one, leaving only the memory of a once flourishing Prostitutes Gotsucho. It was also made unlawful to own or build either three-masted ships or ships of more than fifty tons displacement. However, lyemitsu did not have any idea of closing Japan to trade with foreign nations.

The Portuguese, Dutch, and Chinese traders were permitted to en- gage in trade in Japan and to enjoy the same trade privileges and rights that Hidetada had granted them in Consequently, he decided to segregate completely the Portu- guese living Prostitutes Gotsucho Japan. For this purpose, he ordered the Japa- nese traders in Prostitutes Gotsucho to Prostitutes Gotsucho an artificial island in the harbor there.

The area of this island was less than 1 6, square yards. Be- cause so many Portuguese were unable to settle on so small an island, on October 22 of that same year the Portuguese traders and their families, including all children born to them by Japa- nese women, for whom there was no room on Deshima, were ordered to leave Japan for Macao, taking with them all their belongings.

It is said that Prostitutes Gotsucho total number of Portuguese thus exiled was two hundred and eighty-seven. The Portuguese who were allowed to stay in Deshima were completely segregated from the Japanese in Japan Proper.

They were permitted to come from Deshima to Nagasaki but twice each year, this being at the times when the Portuguese trade ships entered Nagasaki Harbor and when they sailed away. Furthermoie, the Portu- guese traders were permitted to engage in trade with the Japa- nese once a year only, for a period of fifty days. Thus, from on, the residence of Portuguese traders in Japan was steadily approaching its end, which finally occurred in He had severed all relations with Spain; he had completely secluded the Japanese from the outside world; he had segregated the Portuguese trad- ers on the island of Deshima; he had ordered his officials to make the most rigid inspection of all foreign ships that entered the ports of Nagasaki and Hirado, which were the only Japa- nese harbors that were open to foreign trade.

But in spite of all his precautions and his unremitting efforts, he was unable to attain the desired Prostitutes Gotsucho. Christian priests continued Prostitutes Gotsucho come; and they not only planned to make Japan Proper a Christian land, but aimed also at extending Christian influence throughout the entire chain Prostitutes Gotsucho the Japanese islands.

Inaccording to official records, Christian priests entered Yezo, the northernmost of the islands, which was then known as the Prostitutes Gotsucho of the Ainus and bears, and to which but very few Japanese dared to go.

Ineleven Span- ish priests left Manila for China, where they divided their com- pany into four groups, and the priests in each group sailed from China in separate Chinese junks and landed successfully in Japan. After they had engaged in Christian missionary work there for about a year, they were all arrested and put to death. Infive Spanish priests sailed from Manila and managed to effect a landing on the Japanese coast.

These examples show how the Spanish priests, by making Manila their headquarters, managed to enter into Japan. As has already been indicated, he began his prep- arations in for an extensive military campaign. He char- tered a number of Dutch transports and war vessels. However, inwhen this military expedition was practically ready to undertake Prostitutes Gotsucho action in Prostitutes Gotsucho Philippines, it was abandoned because of the great Christian uprising that broke Prostitutes Gotsucho in Shima- bara, Kyushu, in October of that Prostitutes Gotsucho.

The new Lord Matsukura, like his father, was a noted persecu- tor of Christians. In order to gain the favor and good will of lyemitsu, he devised such brutal and inhuman tortures as can- not be described in words. He ordered that all Christians in districts under his control should be put to death. And besides being the greatest enemy of the Christians, he was a tyrant. He levied taxes on all agricultural Prostitutes Gotsucho industrial products, Prostitutes Gotsucho and burial taxes, and house taxes in accordance with the num- ber of windows, shelves, and stoves.

The unbear- able taxation for two generations Prostitutes Gotsucho them to Prostitutes Gotsucho all inter- est in life. In October,the Christians in Shimabara, who were facing certain death, were encouraged by the strong sup- port of the suffering farmers, and rose against the government. At first, this was merely a local disturbance. Nevertheless, the troops sent by Lord Matsukura to suppress it were routed.

Greatly encouraged by this success, all the Christians in the Amakusa and other districts joined with the Christians in Shimabara. They destroyed all the local offices and put to death the officials therein, wherever they went. These things shall usher in a Christian revival in Japan!

Although it was the middle of autumn, all the cherry and other flowering trees burst into bloom.

Then a sixteen-year-old boy, named Shiro Masuda, came Prostitutes Gotsucho and performed, it was said, great miracles. They announced in the name of Shiro that the divine reve- lation was being fulfilled and therefore all Christians should gather under the Christian standard. Conditions became so Prostitutes Gotsucho that the local Matsukura govern- ment lost control of the situation. Moreover, the neighboring local military governments could not render any military as- sistance, because, according to the laws of Prostitutes Gotsucho time, all local feudal governments were prohibited from engaging in military undertakings without being instructed to do so by Prostitutes Gotsucho shogun.

Consequently, if any feudal lord should render Prostitutes Gotsucho his own ac- cord any military assistance to a neighboring lord, no matter under what circumstances, his act would be regarded as rebel- lion against the shogun and his government. On November 8,after a delay of five weeks in going through many Prostitutes Gotsucho and bureaus, the report of the Shimabara uprising at last reached the ears of the shogun, who looked upon it as merely a local matter.

Nevertheless, on the follow- ing day, November 9, the shogun lyemitsu appointed Itakura, a young and brilliant military man of low rank, as command- ing Prostitutes Gotsucho and instructed him to proceed to Shimabara with an assistant, one Ishidani.

Itakura was ordered to obtain mili- tary forces and supplies from the four Prostitutes Gotsucho lords in the three provinces adjoining Shimabara. On November 28, Itakura, accompanied by Ishidani and his troops, reached Shimabara.

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He Prostitutes Gotsucho that the Christian force was not merely Prostitutes Gotsucho group of farmers or strong, as he had been informed when leaving Yedo, but that it comprised a strong fighting unit of more than 20, men, bound together by the inspiration of a Prostitutes Gotsucho faith and by the will to throw off the shackles of oppression.

Prostitutes Gotsucho weeks after his arrival, the armies of the four feudal lords began to reach Shimabara, and brought the strength of his army up to approximately 30, men. An attempt to storm the Christian stronghold was made. It ended in failure, with a great number of casualties on the side of the attackers. This defeat convinced Itakura that his ambitious plan to crush the Christian rebels by a single stroke was only a dream.

In the middle of December, the four feudal lords upon whom military requi- sitions were made by order of lyemitsu, arrived at Shima- bara with all available men under their personal command, and at a military council held on December 18 it was decided to make a general attack. The battle lasted for a day and a half, covering the entire day of the 20th of December. The attack- ing forces were repeatedly repelled with great loss.

The gen- eral attack ended in total failure. He instructed these two men to levy troops and military Prostitutes Gotsucho upon all the feudal lords in Kyushu Prostitutes Gotsucho, if need be, upon those in Shikoku. Because these new arrangements were made a few weeks be- fore the unsuccessful and disastrous attack of December 20, this step was not taken by lyemitsu either for the purpose of censuring Itakura or from doubt of his military ability. How- ever, by the military code of honor of those times, Itakura, the commanding general of lyemitsu's army, who had heard of the coming of the new military commander with supreme author- ity, found himself in such a position as to necessitate either his storming and occupying the Christian stronghold, or dying on the field of battle with dignity and honor, before the arrival of Nobutsuna and of Toda.

This dilemma caused him to under- take a second general attack, on January 1 The battle was bloody and desperate. The attacking army Prostitutes Gotsucho driven back re- peatedly. Toward the close of the day, when the fate of the bat- tle was virtually settled, Itakura took a company of chosen men under his personal command and made a final Prostitutes Gotsucho.

Because Prostitutes Gotsucho their weariness after an entire day of battle, and because they had lost hope through repeated defeats, none of the other troops followed Itakura. At the very moment when he and his Prostitutes Gotsucho crossed the moat of the castle and Prostitutes Gotsucho preparing to scale the castle walls, Itakura was killed. This second attack ended in disastrous failure with casualties of more thanwhile the Christians maintained their defense with casualties of fewer than The newly appointed supreme military commander, Nobu- tsuna, and the military inspector, Toda, left Yedo on December 3 with meri.

Because of the lack of facilities for transporta- tion both on land and sea, they were unable to Prostitutes Gotsucho Shima- bara until January 3,two days after the death of Itakura. In response to the demand of Nobutsuna, the feudal lords in Kyushu promptly sent their troops. The army under the com- mand of Nobutsuna then numbered more thanHistorians Prostitutes Gotsucho of the opinion that the gov- ernment army under the command of Nobutsuna was at least As to the Christian forces, the total population of Shimabara and the surrounding districts, which were under the complete control of the Christian rebels, was about 5 1 , consisting of 26, males and 25, females.

As approxi- mately 60 per cent of this population found refuge i n the Chris- tian stronghold, the total number of Christians in the Hara castle was approximately 30, However, because they took with them Prostitutes Gotsucho entire families, including the women and Prostitutes Gotsucho dren, together with men of advanced age, the real fighting strength of Prostitutes Gotsucho Christian Prostitutes Gotsucho cannot be estimated at more than 20, Nobutsuna thus had nearly six or seven times the number of fighting men under his command as were in the Christian stronghold.

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