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Sex Workers' Rights Advocacy Network. Retrieved 7 April Based in Bamakothe organisation has 3, members in six cities.

Retrieved 25 March Indoors Project. La Falla in Italian. Het Parool. Sex Work Polska in Polish. Retrieved 4 April Colectivo Caye. Calala Fondo de Mujeres Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France European Spanish. Archived from the original on 11 March ProCoRe in German. Archived from the original on 10 March Retrieved 14 February English Collective of Prostitutes. University of the West of England.

Retrieved 16 April The Guardian. Retrieved 17 November Umbrella Lane. Retrieved 19 November BC Coalition of experiential communities. Retrieved 1 February Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France Review 12 : 91— Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France Canadian Guild for Erotic Labour. Retrieved 15 March Amnesty International Canada.

Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France Toronto. PACE Society. Shift Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France. Canadian Harm Reduction Network. Stepping Stone Nova Scotia. Archived from the original on 3 January SWAN Waterloo. SWAN Vancouver. Retrieved 27 December AWID in Spanish. Retrieved 13 March Universidad de El Salvador. Retrieved 10 March BBC News.

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Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France 16 March Retrieved through Newsbank. Social Problems. JSTOR The Cupcake Girls. Retrieved 17 March Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 10 January New Jersey Red Umbrella Alliance. PONY is here! James Infirmary". James Infirmary — A peer-based occupational health and safety clinic for sex workers and Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France families".

American Civil Liberties Union. The ACLU Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France supported decriminalizing sex work sinceand it became an official board policy in Since then, affiliates across the country have advocated for decriminalization at the state level by striking down laws Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France sex workers' rights, such as condoms-as-evidence Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France.

Vixen Collective. Fiji Women's Fund. Archived from the original on 16 July Retrieved 12 March Global Sex workers Rights, Resistance and Redefinition. New York: Routledge.

The Communication Initiative Network in Spanish. Retrieved 11 March Starnieuws in Dutch. Network Star Suriname N.

Waterkant in Dutch. Categories : Sex worker organizations Lists of organizations Sexuality-related Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file.

Download as PDF Printable version. Wikimedia Commons. Nederlands Edit links. Based in Berbice, Guyana. Based in Kingston, Jamaica. Coalition of sex workers organizations, networks, and groups in East Africa. Latin America. Amsterdam-based fund making grants to sex workers' rights groups worldwide.

Sex Trade Workers Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France Union Amnesty International AI. London-based human rights organisation that has advocated for decriminalisation of consensual sex work since Bangkok-based anti-trafficking coalition, has distinguished between sex work and Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France "since its inception".

New York City-based human rights organisation that has advocated for decriminalisation of voluntary sex work since at least Geneva-based international coalition of over 1, LGBTI organisations, called for the decriminalisation of sex work in Amsterdam-based anti-trafficking organisation, has decriminalisation as a "strategic focus area".

Global medical journal, at least since its series "HIV and sex workers". Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France agency for reproductive and maternal health, per the new WHO guidelines. UN agency for international public health, per the new WHO guidelines. Works with sex workers, their clients, and brothel owners. Based in Luanda. Works with sex workers, their families, clients, Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France brothel owners.

Based in Cotonouthe organisation works with sex workers, their families and clients. Male sex worker organisation. Sex worker led organisation based in Gaborone. Burkina Faso. Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France worker led organisation based in Ouagadougou. The organisations works with female and TS sex workers, their families and clients.

Based in Ouagadougou. Based in Cankuzothe organisation works with sex workers in rural areas. Based in Bujumbura. The organisation work with female, male and transvestite sex workers, their clients and children of sex workers [34] Originally named Acodes Cameroon Sex Workers. Based in Yaoundethe organisation works towards reducing the risks associated with drug use. Based in Bafoussamthe organisation works with female, male and transgender sex workers [37].

Southwest Region [38]. The organisation works with male, female and transgender sex workers and is based in Limbe. Organisation led by and for male sex workers in rural areas. Eastern DRC [43]. Based in Bukavu. Based in Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France.

The organisation works with sex workers who work in rural Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France mining areas. Eastern DRC. Based in Bukavu, the organisation is led by and provides support for sex workers who are Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France positive.

Led by and provides support to gay and transgender sex workers. Based in Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France and work with male and female sex workers. Democratic Republic of the Congo.

The organisation works with young sex workers in mining areas. Based in South Kivu and work Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France female and transgender sex workers. Based in Accra. Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France worker led organisation in the slum suburb of Nyalenda. Sex worker led organisation based in Nairobi that work with female, male, lesbian and transgender sex workers. Based in Mombasa. Male sex work led organisation [68] that is an Aidfonds [ nl ] partner. Based in Malindi. Umbrella body of sex workers organizations in Kenya.

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Female, male and trans-gender sex worker organisation in the Kisauni suburb of Mombasa. Western Province [73]. Male Sex Workers Organization based in Kisumu. Based in Kilifi. Led and ran by sex workers, [77] the organisation works with young female sex workers, ages Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France, in the Majengo suburb of Nairobi.

Busia County. Sex worker led organisation based in Busia. Initially called Muungano. Works with young male sex workers at risk of contracting HIV [81]. Local organisation in Zomba. Lilongwe based NGO that works with male sex workers. Based in Lilongwe, [86] the organisation hasmembers across the nation.

Local organisation in Karonga [88] [89]. Based in Bamakothe organisation has 3, members in six cities. Tile Coura The Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France Sun is based in Bamako and works with female sex workers, clients and families and children of sex workers.

Sex worker led organisation based in Maputo. Umbrella body of sex worker organizations in Namibia. Based in Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France. Based in Abuja. Based in Abuja, the organisation works with female sex workers and their clients.

Sex worker led organisation based in Awka. Association of sex worker led organisations. First sex worker led organisation in the country, based in Lagos.

Originally called WOPI. Sex worker led organisation based in Kigali. Based in Dakar. South Africa. Located in Cape Town.

Cape town based sex worker led organisation with offices in 6 provences based in partnership organisations. Peer led support group for Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France sex workers. South Sudan. Sex worker Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France organisation based in Ilala DistrictDar es Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France. Sex worker led organisation based in Dar es Salaam.

Umbrella organisation for sex worker projects in Tanzania [] based in Dar es Salaam. Based in Dar es Salaam. Founded by activist Yves Kgube. Based in Kampala. Transwomen sex worker led group based in Kampala. Based in Mbale. Wakiso District []. Based in Wakiso. Based in Mbarara, the organisation works mainly with rural Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France transgender and gender non-conforming sex workers.

Kampala based organisation that is led by, and works with transgender women sex workers. Umbrella network of sex worker led organizations in Uganda. Sex worker-led organisation [] based in Kampala.

Female sex worker-led organization based in Kampala that works with refugee, bisexual and lesbian sex workers. IDU is committed to address stigma and discrimination linked to gender, sex work and physical disabilities though Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France and promotion of human rights for equitable access to health services and social security [].

Based in Lusaka. North-Western Province. Based in Solwezi. Sex worker led group based in Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France. Led by, and for, LGBT Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France workers. National chapter of the African Sex Workers Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France. Sex worker led collective [] based in Bulawayo that is an Aidsfond partner. Based in Masvingothe organisation works with transgender sex workers.

Sex worker led organization that works with male sex workers and their families, partners, friends and clients. Based in Bulawayothe organisation works in all 10 provinces of Zimbabwe. Based in Yerevanthe organisation works with male, female and trans commercial sex workers and their clients. Trans-led organisation based in Yerevan.

Sex worker led group based Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France Dhaka with 5, member throughout Bangladesh. Sex worker led national network. Based in Phnom Penh. The organisation provides support, advice and Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France testing to sex workers. Based in Kunming. East Timor. National sex worker collective based in Dili.

Hong Kong. The organisation works with male and transgender sex workers. The organisation engages in outreach work and provides of legal, occupational safety and health information to sex workers. Network of sex workers organisations based in New Delhi[] with office holders in 13 states. Active in six districts of Karnataka. Udaipur districtRajasthan. Led by transgender sex workers and LGBT activists. West Bengal.

Collective of 65, sex workers. Works with male sex workers [] in MumbaiAurangabad and Nagpur. Network of sex worker organisations and supporting NGOs Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France in Chennai [] with 50, members.

Maharashtra and Karnataka []. Based in Sangli district. National network of sex workers based in Rawamangun, East Jakarta.

Based in OsakaSWASH opposes slavery and exploitation, researches the sex work industry and seeks to empower sex Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France. Sex worker led organization based in Taldykorgan. Chuy Region. Based in Bishkek. The programme is part of the PT Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France. NGO that promotes health care for sex workers. The organisation became independent in and renamed as Aye Myanmar Association. Based in Kathmanduthe network has 26 regional sex worker led organisations members.

Based in Kathmandu. Based in Gujratthe organisation works towards HIV awareness. Network of sex worker led organisations based in Baguio City. The organisation works with sex workers and occasionally with clients, brothel keepers, Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France agents.

South Korea. Represents 15, Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France workers and some brothel owners. Works against the criminalisation of sex work. Collective of Sex Workers and Supporters [ zh ]. Based in Taipei. BangkokKo Samui and Pattaya. Based in Ankarathe organisation Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France with trans sex workers. Based in Ankara [].

Sex worker led network with 32 community-based organisations in 21 provinces. Sex worker-led and based in Vienna. Sex worker support and advice Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France. Based in Vienna, the organisation works with migrant sex workers. The organisation works with migrant sex workers []. Salzburg State. The organisation works with male and female sex workers []. Organisation that works with migrant sex workers.

Based in Vienna. Provide information and counselling services []. For male and trans Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France workers. French Community. Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France and Wallonia. National collective of sex workers. Based in Antwerp. Founded inbased in Antwerp.

Founded inbased in Ghent. Bosnia and Herzegovina. Based in Banja Luka. Czech Republic. Based in Prague. Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France Interesseorganisation [ da ].

Sex worker led organisation. Network of female, male, and transgender sex workers. The organisation works for the human rights of sex workers. Marseille Avignon. Based in Marseille, previously had a branch Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France Toulon. Sex worker community health organisation. Collective of sex workers in the Strasbourg-Saint-Denis district of Paris. National collective Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France sex workers' organisations and organisations working with Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France workers.

Federation of community health and sex worker associations. Named after Griselidis Real. Support organisation for sex workers. Les amis du bus des femmes. The organisation operates 8 Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France to support sex workers. The organisation works with transgender sex workers. Organisation of sex workers and supporters. Trade union for male, female, and transgender sex workers.

Based in Paris. Based in Tbilisi. Berufsverband erotische und sexuelle Dienstleistungen [ de ] BesD. Trade association Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France erotic and sexual service providers. Alliance of specialist advice centers for sex workers. For operators Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France brothel-like businesses and self-employed prostitutes.

Self-help organization based in the Bahnhofsviertel district of Frankfurt. Huren wehren sich gemeinsam [ de ]. Self-help group that ran from to Sex worker support services. Self-help organisation.

Network of organisations and individuals. Aims to promote health and ensure the rights of sex workers. Based Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France Budapest. Network unites NGOs and sex worker groups. Sex worker-led organisation based in Dublin. Sex worker-led organisation based in Trieste. Genoese branch of the CDCP.

Sex worker collective. The association works with female sex workers, their clients, and HIV-affected women []. Sex Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France support services run by the Red Cross. Provides health, social, and legal services to sex workers. Based in Skopje.

Based in Podgorica. Merged with Stichting soa-bestrijding in Based in Amsterdam. PROUD labour union [ nl ] []. National sex trade union for former sex workers. Red Light United []. De Wallen. Hosted from Helsinki. The latter is a Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France. In fact, in a political favourable climate the benefits of funding might outweigh its risks.

The conclusion is that there is no necessary contradiction between state support and advocacy, and that in fact, the existence of a stable, politically recognised Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France worker organisation might be a potent force in the battle for acceptance of prostitution as a legitimate occupation.

However, does this mean that sex worker organisations and state agencies are able to jointly engage in the more demanding enterprise of collaborative governance?

It is to Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France question that we turn in the Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France section. The key word in modern theories of governance and public administration is capacity.

The challenge of any governance system is to build and maintain effective governance capacity to tackle the numerous challenges that governments face. These challenges are Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France that the traditional Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France of societal sectors by hierarchically organised and siloed government bureaucracies that provide services to meet universal needs no longer suffices Healey et al,p Different authors describe these challenges in different ways, but they generally boil down to the Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France.

The first relates to Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France increasing complexity and pluralisation of politics and social life. Political complexity, as we saw, is characterised by a general dispersion of power and a high degree Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France interdependence Bourgon,p The causes of political complexity are the globalisation of a range of issues such markets and trade, migration, urban development, environmental issues and security. These processes of globalisation reduce both the territorial effectiveness of public administration and, partly as a consequence, p.

This trend expresses itself in a less deferential Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France towards authority, a widespread Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France with politics Norris, and a tendency for civil society groups to create associations, Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France to the institutions of the state, that organise for purposes of advocacy, knowledge creation and self-government Warren, When seen as a threat to traditional government this dense Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France society environment results in highly adversarial politics Ansell,p 4but when regarded as a resource, it might open up new opportunities for political innovation Bourgon, Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France, p 25; Wagenaar, The remedy for this institutional incapacity is generally seen as a form of government that actively involves citizens and communities Healey et al,p 63; Ansell, ; Bourgon, ; Warren, ; Ansell and Torfing, Governing capacity is seen as residing in the ability of government institutions to leverage the problem-solving power of civic associations and effectively collaborate with stakeholders in identifying, framing and solving collective problems.

This forms an alternative to three traditional forms of governance: adversarial politics, in which the party in power makes decisions by imposing its will on minority parties; coalition politics, where parties, none of which can expect to gain an outright majority, make decisions by bargaining among themselves; and managerial governance, in which management processes, often but not always outsourced to corporate actors, function as means for collective problem solving and Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France delivery.

In Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France strokes collaborative governance is a mode of governance in which public agencies engage with various stakeholders to jointly deliberate about public problems Ansell,p Or, to put it differently, collaborative governance requires quite a bit Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France reflection on the Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France of the collaborative relationship.

Just inviting people over and sitting around a table in a meeting room will not necessarily result p. Ansell and Gash express this in the following, more demanding definition of collaborative governance:. Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France governing arrangement where one or more public agencies directly engage non-state stakeholders in a collective decision-making process that is formal, consensus-oriented, and deliberative and that aims Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France make or implement public policy or Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France public programs or assets.

This definition covers various types of collaborative arrangements, from conflict resolution platforms in which parties who are locked in intransigent conflict try to find mutually acceptable Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France Innes and Booher, to the kind of long-standing contractual relationships that the NZPC in New Zealand or the Scarlett Alliance in Australia holds Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France public health agencies Healy et al, ; Gall, But whatever the nature of the arrangement, to designate it as collaborative, to allow it to build effective governing capacity, it needs to have the following characteristics.

First, it is essential that actors from civil society who are affected by the policy, who are stakeholders in other words, are involved Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France the governing arrangement. But this in Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France is not sufficient. To infuse the collective problem-solving situation with genuinely new insights and knowledge, it is particularly important that peripheral, marginal or vulnerable groups are involved.

Innes and Booher stress the importance of increasing variation in the stalled policy field. Contrarian and disadvantaged stakeholders are necessary to break open the unproductive understandings Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France dysfunctional policy arrangements that make collaborative Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France necessary in the first place and to benefit from the reciprocity and creative potential of genuinely inclusive relationships Innes and Booher,pp Inclusion of marginal groups is much more difficult and much less common than one may think, as the example from The Hague demonstrates.

There are often good reasons to exclude these groups. They may be hard to find or to organise; they speak, dress, and behave Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France from other stakeholders; there are often difficult language issues and cultural misunderstandings between groups; there may be well-founded mutual distrust; and often peripheral groups bring a long history of humiliation, marginalisation and pain to the negotiating table Forester, Inclusiveness must be actively sought Ansell and Gash,p All these considerations apply to the inclusion of immigrant sex workers.

But, as experience p. Inclusiveness is essential to securing legitimacy this forum represents all stakeholdersdiversity a precondition for dealing with social and technical complexity Axelrod and Cohen,p 32; Innes and Booher,p 36 and mutual recognition as genuine participants in the policy process. Recognition is particularly important for the most peripheral and vulnerable partners, as they feel isolated in their struggle to get heard.

Second, the collaborative arrangement needs to be authoritative — that is, it must be aimed at, and have a mandate Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France, decision making. The time and Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France that participants put into the process must result in genuine influence. This will provide an incentive for sceptical or reluctant Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France to join the collaborative forum Ansell and Gash,p Authority is also signalled through the membership and longevity of the collaborative arrangement.

If participants with a true mandate to make decisions represent government, the administration signals to the outside world that it takes this forum seriously as a governance body. Third, a condition for authority is that the collaborative arrangement has a formal and not a casual character. This implies a minimum of organisation and institutionalisation, such as agreeing on rules and procedures for meeting and decision making, a contractual arrangement with accountability procedures for situations where services are delivered, transparency meetings are reportedan insistence on exclusivity no forum hopping and the sharing of resources.

For example, marginal groups might need training in basic skills such as chairing a meeting, drawing up minutes or reading balance sheets Fung, So far, our description of design has been static, aimed at the proper structure and organisation of collaborative governance.

But what is it that the parties in a collaborative arrangement actually do? The fourth, key element of collaborative process consists of engaging stakeholders in the twin processes of joint problem definition and joint-fact finding : exploring how each party Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France the central issues at hand and p.

This is more than just having each party state how they perceive the problem or list what they consider key evidence. In almost all policy conflicts, problems, definitions and relevant evidence are the most contested aspects in the adversarial relationship. The fact that parties are willing, with an attitude of sceptical acceptance, to listen to the Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France is itself a major achievement.

They discover what worries, needs, values and goals they share. Joint problem definition has three effects. When Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France well that experience can be transformative:.

During the course of deliberation, people may discover new information and Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France perspectives about what is at stake in the decision before them. This may lead individuals not only to modify their choice of means for achieving ends, but to reconsider those ends. Reich,quoted in Ansell,p Moreover, by jointly reflecting on the nature of the problem, the parties involved begin to own the transformed problem definition.

Parties begin to see that the problem is too complex and unpredictable for any one party to fully Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France, let alone, control. Participants discover — perhaps the better term is experience — their mutual dependency in harnessing the problem. This can also be seen as a form of social learning, in which the transformed understanding of the problem forms the basis for an inquiry into new ways of problem solving and reframed standards and criteria of what constitutes a successful solution.

Joint problem definition also has important relational effects. Joint problem definition is at the core of the process of breaking down stereotyping, the untested ascription of reprehensible views or negative character traits to opposing parties, and other barriers to communication that prevent exploration of mutual gains in the first place.

It is at the heart of a process of building trust, mutual respect, shared understanding and commitment to the process. Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France dialogue can only be achieved in situations of face-to-face dialogue.

It represents the hard-to-capture communicative process that forms the beating heart of every collaborative dialogue. It is a necessary condition for mutually learning new ways to think and act together.

To get a sense of what the process of authentic dialogue entails in practice, it is perhaps useful to quote Innes and Booher at some length:. Authentic dialogue requires Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France adopted ground rules that will enable a productive dialogue.

The rules typically include an injunction against criticism of others; acceptable ways of dealing with the press; avoiding repetition; and not dominating the conversation. Dialogue is apt also to require admonitions about listening respectfully. Many people come in with their own ideas and spend meeting time rehearsing to themselves what they want to say, rather than listening, much less keeping an open mind.

Changing these habits might require training exercises. But without sincerity and without the questioning of given knowledge and assumptions, a dialogue cannot be collaboratively rational. Some are highly emotional Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France angry. Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France process managers need to try to get these individuals to speak in terms of interests rather than positions and avoid attacking others, it is equally important that they not gloss over the conflict.

Sometimes managers may even have to surface and address Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France conflicts to assure the dialogue does not result in what many critics are concerned about — a Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France common denominator agreement, with peer pressure stifling unpopular voices. Innes and Booher,Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France This often unleashes the creative potential that the combination of inclusiveness and authentic dialogue may bring to the collaborative forum.

By learning to let go of favoured solutions and by opening themselves up to the knowledge and experiences of others, stakeholders may arrive at solutions that address shared interests. Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France most important part of this process is that this is a joint achievement. The learning about the issue at hand is shared: from each other and with each other. Finally, fifth, successful collaborative governance requires leadership.

In the literature on collaborative governance leadership is usually discussed in terms of facilitation. Facilitative leadership helps to navigate conflicting parties Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France the ups and downs of conflict resolution.

In a wider perspective of collaboration leadership is Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France in a different way. They have to demonstrate that they are reliable, trustworthy, representative of their constituency, and that they possess Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France that provide added value Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France the subsystem.

This applies a fortiori to self-organisations of marginal groups who strive Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France find partners in the world of governance, in particular when that group also has to bridge Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France gender divide. In such situations a Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France who is able to communicate with a wide range of stakeholders is a huge asset.

Such a leader creates the necessary bridging capital that is Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France for effective functioning in p. At the same time, while the advocacy group is opening up to the values and interests of other stakeholders, Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France is essential that the group recalibrates its balance between advocacy and accord.

This can be Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France genuinely agonising process Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France which Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France members Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France that the soul and identity of the organisation are at stake. They recommit the organisation to its distinctive aims, methods and role, both in the original community of stakeholders and in the wider policy subsystem.

Is collaborative governance, in the demanding sense as described above, possible in prostitution policy? And, if so, under what political or cultural conditions? At first blush the prospects are not hopeful. Moreover, the arrangement was exclusively focused on producing an administrative arrangement and ignored the workplace conditions of the sex workers.

A study by Genevieve Fuji Johnson paints an even bleaker picture. The focus of the research was on how these organizations interact with each other and with municipal governments and police services Fuji Johnson,p 2. Fuji Johnson distinguishes five types of interaction: collaborative, agonistic, siloed, antagonistic and emergent. In her careful description of policy communities in the domain of prostitution policy, she distinguishes Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France non-state and state Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France.

State organisations consist of the various agencies of the municipal government and the police department. In addition she includes third sector agencies such as community mental health centres. However, she characterises none of the interactions Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France non-state and state organisations as collaborative. These relationships are not based on trust and not aimed at consensus building, but display a form of pragmatism to respond to particular problems.

Only in the city of Vancouver did Fuji Johnson find agonistic forms of interaction between municipal organisations and Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France actors.

In all Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France other jurisdictions she studied she found relationships that were either siloed mutual awareness but little interactionantagonistic open conflict and hostility between non-state and state actors, with the latter attempting to dominate the firstor emergent nascent attempts at productive communication. Yet, the picture she paints is bleak indeed. State agencies and sex worker advocacy groups seem unable to engage in productive collaboration; implicitly at least, she attributes this state of affairs to the unwillingness of state actors to include Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France worker organisations within their governance arrangements.

However, it would be wrong to dismiss the possibility of collaborative governance in prostitution Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France out of hand on the basis of these examples. First, there are few examples of research into collaborative governance in prostitution policy and, as is the norm in this field Ansell and Gash,pthese are all qualitative case studies.

The problem with case studies is that the political-cultural context of the case is usually not considered. For example, a truncated form of collaboration was Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France possible in The Hague because of the consensual, coalition politics that characterises the political culture of the Netherlands, while Canada has a much more antagonistic, majoritarian system.

We have also seen that in some cases sex worker-led organisations have entered into long-standing contractual relationships with state agencies to deliver essential Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France to the community of sex workers Majic, ; Beer and Tremblay, ; Gall, In the Rode Draad was invited to become a participant of the municipal Prostitution Advisory Commission in Rotterdam. Members of the commission, each representing an organisation with some authority and mandate in the domain of prostitution policy, came from the police, the tax authority, social work, public Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France, the city administration responsible for prostitution policy, and the Rode Draad.

Council members did not participate in the commission for fear that they would impose their political agenda on its activities. For example, the Rode Draad had observed that illegal, coerced Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France took place in Turkish coffee houses in the city. Almost adventitiously the commission achieved a considerable amount of policy coordination, another Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France of Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France adaptive and resilient capacity that such a collaborative arrangement brings to the governance system Bourgon,p The Rode Draad participated Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France the Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France from to To make this possible it received a small subsidy and an office from the city administration.

One of the contributions of the Rode Draad was to emphasise the privacy of sex workers in any situation in Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France sex workers were asked to report on the state of the field.

Finally, the Rode Draad operated a low threshold information and support centre in the city that was managed by a Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France worker source: Sietske Altink. The arrangement was terminated when the Rode Draad lost its subsidy and had to close its operations.

Municipal prostitution policy had by then taken a repressive turn as we saw in Chapter Fiveand the commission was replaced by one of the chain management arrangements aimed at enforcing anti-trafficking measures. In hindsight the Rode Draad successfully managed the precarious balance between advocacy and service; the Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France did not always follows Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France advice of the Rode Draad, yet this did not affect the mutually respectful relationship in the commission.

Perhaps the most successful example of collaborative governance in prostitution policy concerns the NZPC in the prostitution policy Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France in New Zealand. In the final section of this chapter we p. We admit that this is yet another qualitative case study, but such is the state of the art in this field, and the study hopefully generates insights that allow for more systematic testing.

When the Prostitution Reform Act was passed by the New Zealand parliament the NZPC and its leadership were already well-known and trusted members of the policy community. It was therefore not a large step for government agencies to turn to the NZPC for advice and guidance.

But without sincerity and without the questioning of given knowledge and assumptions, a dialogue cannot be collaboratively rational.

The interviewee in Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France, an occupational health nurse, was charged with monitoring brothels under the new legal regime, whereby inspectors receive information from the NZPC about possible infractions of hygiene or safe sex rules:. Most interviewees [public health inspectors] also highlighted the importance of the role of NZPC. Brunton,p What does this quotes illustrate? First, it shows that the NZPC managed to find Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France sustain the right balance between service delivery and advocacy.

The NZPC has successfully held contracts with public agencies for the delivery of public health services Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France the late s. Second, it demonstrates that government agencies and the NZPC have succeeded in building collective Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France capacity, in which the former provide legitimacy and accountability and the latter credibility and effectiveness Bourgon, Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France organisation of the NZPC allows it to act as an advocate for sex workers while at the same time providing services and maintaining a working relationship with government agencies.

With its head office p. The staff composition of the local offices reflects the ethnic composition of the local sex worker population. This guarantees that the organisation is representative of the sex worker population. The offices have low thresholds; as one of us Hendrik Wagenaar observed, sex workers can walk into the offices freely and spend time relaxing and chatting with others. The NZPC creates trust with its Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France by providing some essential services such as STD checks, general health advice, Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France advice Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France representation in workplace disputes with brothel owners.

New Zealand has a system of labour mediation boards; the NZPC represents sex workers who bring their case to the mediation board. Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France in turn has given it authority among government officials and brothel owners. But the role of the NZPC in New Zealand society goes much further than the capacity for governance and service delivery. The professionals and politicians we met were unanimous in their admiration about the moral leadership of the NZPC and its two directors, Catherine Healy and Calum Bennachie, in normalising the image of prostitution as work and of sex workers as regular citizens with the rights that accrue to all New Zealand citizens.

What have we learned from these Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France First, collaborative governance in the pragmatic sense as described here is probably more prevalent in prostitution than one might surmise from the current antagonistic atmosphere that prevails in the field. In fact, collaborative arrangements emerge precisely in situations of policy failure through the high costs of the politicisation of regulation and persistent implementation failures Ansell and Gash,p Policy failure is of course not a guarantee for the emergence of Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France governance, but it creates the incentives and need among stakeholders to Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France something Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France.

Second, the emergence of collaborative Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France in prostitution policy is probably facilitated by the pre-existing political culture. Both the Netherlands and New Zealand have a culture of cooperation, striving for consensus and respect for minorities. But more adversarial political cultures also contain local pockets of opportunity for setting Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France collaborative experiments.

Fuji Johnson describes how in the deeply divided community of Downtown Eastside in Vancouver a spate of murders of sex workers, many of whom were members of ethnic minorities, acted as a catalyst for formerly Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France parties to enter into a Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France collaborative relationship.

The combined effect of community mobilisation and a report that condemned the police and the city administration for racist and counter-effective policies was that the authorities began to actively reach out to the community of women and sex workers in Downtown Eastside. Police, sex Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France and advocacy groups were able to converge on a policy framework of harm reduction that resulted in various concrete policy measures, such as jointly negotiated Sex Work Enforcement Guidelines that emphasise safety, respect and dignity of Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France workers, and a still fragile but nevertheless more positive relationship between sex workers and the police Fuji Johnson,pp Finally, the examples also show that collaborative arrangements are fragile and reversible when political attitudes towards prostitution change.

The repressive turn in local prostitution policy in the Netherlands led to the dissolution of the Prostitution Advisory Commission in Rotterdam and its replacement by an enforcement group. When the Rode Draad lost a major subsidy after it criticised p.

Currently another advocacy group is trying to represent the interests of sex workers in the Netherlands. Even in societies where gender relations are fairly equal, some women and men will decide, for financial or other reasons, to provide sexual services to men. Most countries, and certainly the countries that have prohibited prostitution, also harbour domestic sex workers, often at the higher end Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France the market, and frequented by the societal elite.

In such societies the existence of this segment of the sex trade is a public secret that is shrouded in discretion. Think of the myriad information or consultation meetings, where participation is largely tokenistic and their purpose merely to placate the public Arnstein, However, the treaty represents the recognition of minority rights and citizenship. In the government, spurred by several court cases and the recognition that the original treaty no longer applied very well to the conditions in contemporary New Zealand, recommitted the nation to an updated Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France of the treaty Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France adopting the Principles of Crown Action on the Treaty of Waitanga.

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Sign in with your library card Please enter your library card number. Show Summary Details Title Pages Acknowledgements One Introduction Two Challenges of prostitution policy Three The local governance of prostitution: regulatory drift and implementation capture Four The national governance of prostitution: political rationality and the politics of discourse Five Understanding the policy field: migration, prostitution, trafficking Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France exploitation Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France Prostitution policy beyond trafficking: collaborative governance in prostitution Seven Summary and conclusion Appendix: research design and methodology References Index.

Prostitution policy beyond trafficking: collaborative governance in prostitution Prostitution policy beyond trafficking: collaborative governance in prostitution Chapter: p. The challenges of prostitution policy revisited: harnessing a complex policy field Every policy domain imposes its own specific demands on the politicians and officials who bear responsibility for it. Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France they observe: Collaborative governance has emerged as a response Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France the failures of downstream implementation and to the high cost and politicization Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France regulation.

Sex worker advocacy and the state Governance scholars agree that societal interests participate most effectively in policy networks when they are organised. Gall,p ; parentheses in original This is an important argument, well supported by empirical evidence.

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Members of the NZPC trenchantly express this tension: In the beginning, the NZPC resisted the Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France of things such as group registration and membership lists because it wanted to create a more fluid movement that people could move in an out of easily.

Healy et al, Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France, p 46 However, evidence from Canada, the US, New Zealand and the Netherlands demonstrates that it is possible to establish a sufficient level of trust between the sex worker organisation and government agencies to establish a productive working relationship Healy et al,Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France Governance capacity and collaborative governance The key word in modern theories of governance and public administration is capacity.

Ansell Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France Gash express this in the following, more demanding definition of collaborative governance: A governing arrangement where one or more public agencies directly engage non-state stakeholders in a collective decision-making process that is formal, consensus-oriented, and deliberative and that aims to make or implement public policy or manage public programs or assets. Ansell and Gash,p This definition covers various types of collaborative arrangements, from conflict resolution platforms in which parties who are locked in intransigent conflict try to find mutually acceptable accommodations Innes and Booher, to the kind of long-standing Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France relationships that the NZPC in New Zealand or the Scarlett Alliance in Australia holds with public Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France agencies Healy et al, ; Gall, When done well that experience can be transformative: During Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France course of deliberation, people may discover new information and new perspectives about what is at stake in the decision before them.

Reich,quoted in Ansell,p Moreover, by jointly reflecting on the nature of the problem, the parties involved begin to own the transformed problem definition. To get a sense of what the process of authentic dialogue entails in practice, it is perhaps useful to quote Innes and Booher at some length: Authentic dialogue requires collaboratively adopted ground rules Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France will enable a productive dialogue.

Innes and Booher,p p. Is collaborative governance in prostitution policy possible? The interviewee in question, an occupational health nurse, was charged with monitoring brothels under the new legal regime, whereby inspectors receive information from the NZPC about possible infractions of hygiene Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France safe sex rules: Prostitutes Tremblay-en-France interviewees [public health inspectors] also highlighted the importance of the role of NZPC.